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OS Concepts (Ozbirn) > Chapter 2 (Operating System Overview) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (Operating System Overview) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main OS objectives?

A

Convenience
Efficiency
Ability to evolve

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2
Q

What does it mean for an OS to have the ability to evolve?

A

Adapt to new features, changes, and updates

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3
Q

What does the OS provide?

A

Interface

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4
Q

T/F The OS acts to insulate the user or programmer from hardware details, making it easier to access and use the system

A

T

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5
Q

What are some services the OS may provide?

A 
Program development
Program execution
I/O device access
File access
System access
Error detection
Accounting
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6
Q

What is ISA?

A

Instruction Set Architecture

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7
Q

What does the instruction set architecture do?

A

Defines the set of machine language instructions that a computer can follow

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8
Q

What is ABI?

A

Application Binary Interface

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9
Q

What does the application binary interface do?

A

Defines a standard for binary portability across programs

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10
Q

What is API?

A

Application Programming Interface

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11
Q

What does the application programming interface do?

A

Gives a program access to the hardware resources and services available in a system through the user ISA supplemented with high-level language library calls

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12
Q

How can a computer be viewed?

A

As a set of resources

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13
Q

What if applications had ownership of system resources?

A

Sharing resources would be difficult

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14
Q

T/F It is better to let the OS own the resources, so the OS decides which programs get which resources

A

T

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15
Q

What are the problems with users and applications interacting directly with the hardware?

A

Scheduling

Setup time

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16
Q

Users had access to the system one at a time, this could be called….

A

Serial processing

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17
Q

Machine utilization was also important because

A

Machines were expensive

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18
Q

What is a resident monitor?

A

A monitor program that resides in memory

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19
Q

How does a monitor increase efficiency?

A

Scheduling each job in turn automatically, and by reducing setup time through a JCL

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20
Q

What is JCL?

A

Job Control Language

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21
Q

What does a JCL do?

A

Specifies setup steps for the monitor

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22
Q

What are desirable hardware features to support a batch OS?

A

Memory protection

Timer

Privileged Instructions

Interrupts

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23
Q

What is memory protection hardware feature in a batch operating system?

A

Prevents the monitor from being overwritten

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24
Q

What is a time hardware feature in a batch operating system?

A

Prevents a job from monopolizing the system

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25
Q

What is privileged instructions hardware feature in a batch operating system?

A

Only the monitor can do certain things

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26
Q

What is interrupts hardware feature in a batch operating system?

A

Provides better way to handle transfer of control from the monitor to user programs

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27
Q

What two modes of operation does a processor normally support?

A

User mode

Kernel mode

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28
Q

What is user mode for a processor?

A

For user programs

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29
Q

What is kernel mode for a processor?

A

For the OS

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30
Q

T/F The user mode for a processor has no limitations

A

F, it does

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31
Q

T/F Some main memory and some CPU time is given to the monitor

A

T

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32
Q

What is uniprogramming?

A

Running one program at a time

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33
Q

T/F Multiprogramming is an extension of uniprogramming

A

T

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34
Q

T/F Batch systems run programs in the “background” and generally don’t have direct user interaction

A

T

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35
Q

Define a process

A

A program in execution

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36
Q

Processor is kept busy by switching between programs in response to events such as I/O activity

A

Multiprogrammed batch systems

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37
Q

Processor time is shared among a number of active users by giving each user a slice of time

A

Time-sharing systems

38
Q

Supports applications written to perform a query or update against a database by a user, such as an airline reservation system

A

Real-time transaction systems

39
Q

What are some problems with running multiple programs at the same time?

A

Improper synchronization

Failed mutual exclusion

Nondeterminate program operation

Deadlocks

40
Q

What is Improper synchronization?

A

Need a reliable way for one program to wait on another

41
Q

What is Failed mutual exclusion?

A

Need to prevent multiple programs from accessing a resource such as a file at the same time

42
Q

What is Nondeterminate program operation?

A

Need program results to be independent of other programs running at the same time

43
Q

What are deadlocks?

A

Need to avoid situations in which programs are waiting on each other

44
Q

What parts does a process have?

A

Executable program

The data the program is using

Execution context

45
Q

What is the execution context of a process?

A

Includes the information required by the OS to control the process

46
Q

What are the requirements for multiple processes in memory?

A

Isolation

Automatic allocation and management

Support for modular programming

Protection and access control

Long-term storage

47
Q

What is isolation in memory management?

A

Keep process from accessing or overwriting the memory of another

48
Q

What is automatic allocation and management in memory management?

A

Programmer should not worry about memory mgmt

49
Q

What is support for modular programming in memory management?

A

Create, destroy, alter size of modules dynamically

50
Q

What is protection and access control in memory management?

A

Restrict or grant access as needed

51
Q

What is long-term storage in memory management?

A

Persist after computer is off

52
Q

What is virtual memory?

A

Allows a program to have a logical view of memory

53
Q

T/F Virtual memory gives the program a view of memory that may be much larger than physical memory

A

T

54
Q

A ____ swaps pieces of programs, called pages, that are the same size. This makes it easy to replace one piece with another

A

Paging system

55
Q

What does a virtual memory address consist of?

A

Page number

Offset

56
Q

What does the paging system do?

A

Maps the logical page to the physical page

57
Q

T/F Pages are swapped from disk to main memory as the program runs

A

T

58
Q

Protecting the system against interruption

A

Availability

59
Q

Protecting against unauthorized access to data

A

Confidentiality

60
Q

Protecting against unauthorized modification

A

Data integrity

61
Q

Protecting against false identities

A

Authenticity

62
Q

What are three factors to consider in scheduling?

A

Fairness

Differential responsiveness

Efficiency

63
Q

What is fairness in scheduling?

A

Processes should get equal treatment (if same class and priority)

64
Q

What is Differential responsiveness in scheduling?

A

may need to discriminate among different classes of jobs with different needs

65
Q

What is Efficiency in scheduling?

A

maximize throughput and minimize response time

66
Q

How may scheduling be implemented?

A

Queues of processes

67
Q

A “____” queue contains processes currently in main memory

A

Short-term

68
Q

A “____” queue contains processes waiting to run

A

Long-term

69
Q

What are five categories of modern OS design?

A

Microkernel architecture

Multithreading

Symmetric multiprocessing

Distributed operating systems

Object-oriented design

70
Q

T/F The kernel contains the most frequently used functions

A

T

71
Q

What is monolithic kernel architecture?

A

All one piece

72
Q

What is a microkernel architecture?

A

Assigns only a few essential functions to the kernel

73
Q

What is a thread?

A

A dispatchable unit of work

74
Q

T/F A process may have multiple threads of execution, where each thread belongs to the process and shares its resources, but executes independently and concurrently with other threads of the process

A

T

75
Q

T/F Multithreading is more efficient than creating sperate processes

A

T

76
Q

What is one way to manage several processors?

A

SMP

77
Q

What characteristics do SMP systems have?

A

Multiple processors

These processors share the same main memory and I/O facilities

All processors can perform the same functions

78
Q

T/F An SMP OS can schedule threads on any available processor in the system

A

T

79
Q

What are the SMP Advantages Versus Uniprocessor

A

Performance

Availability

Incremental growth

Scaling

80
Q

Multiple machines may be managed together with a distributed operating system

A

Distributed OS

81
Q

T/F A distributed OS lags behind uniprocessor and SMP systems

A

T

82
Q

Can object-oriented design techniques be applied to the operating system

A

Yes

83
Q

What is MTTF?

A

Mean time to failure

84
Q

What is MTTR?

A

Mean time to repair

85
Q

How is availability calculated?

A

MTTF / (MTTF + MTTR)

86
Q

Spatial redundancy

A

Multiple components

87
Q

Temporal redundancy

A

Repeating an operation after an error occurs

88
Q

Information redundancy

A

Use of error correction or detection techniques

89
Q

Helps to prevent a fault in one application from affecting another

A

Process isolation

90
Q

Helps ensure correct operation and detection of problems such as deadlock

A

Concurrency controls

91
Q

Provides a greater degree of isolation as well as redundancy

A

Virtual machines

92
Q

Save state so that recovery is possible in the event an error occurs

A

Checkpoints and rollbacks

OS Concepts (Ozbirn) (12 decks)

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