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Psychology > Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Biological Foundations > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Biological Foundations Flashcards

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1
Q

What do Evolutionary Psychologists study?

A

How natural selection and adaptation help explain behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

Interdisciplinary field studying how biological processes relate to behavioral and mental processes

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3
Q

What is the neural basis of psychology?

A

The Nervous System consists of neurons (cells responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical information)

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4
Q

What components form the structure of a neuron?

A

Dendrites
Cell Body
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Terminal Button of Axon

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5
Q

What is a Dendrite?

A

Receives information from other neurons and sensory receptors

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6
Q

What is a Cell Body?

A

Receives information from dendrites, and if enough stimulation is received, the message is passed to the axon

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7
Q

What is an Axon?

A

Carries the neuron’s messages to other body cells (send them away)

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8
Q

What is a Myelin Sheath?

A

Covers the axons of some neurons to insulate and help speed neural impulses

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9
Q

What is the Terminal Button of Axon?

A

Form junctions with other cells and release chemicals called neurotransmitters

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10
Q

What is a Neurotransmitter?

A

Chemicals used to send a signal across the synaptic gap

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11
Q

What is a Synapse?

A

A Synapse is a junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite (or cell body) of the receiving neuron

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12
Q

What parts of the brain does the Forebrain consist of?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebrum
Limbic System
Corpus Callosum

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13
Q

What parts of the Brain does the Hindbrain consist of?

A

Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the brain stem and the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates the body

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the Limbic System?

A

Manages emotions, and connects thought to body

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the Cortex?

A

Integrates information

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the Midbrain?

A

Helps conduct movement patterns, sleep, and arousal

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the Hindbrain?

A

Controls respiratory rhythm, motor activity, sleep, and wakefulness

19
Q

What is the purpose of the Hypothalamus?

A

Responsible for regulating emotions and drives

20
Q

What is the purpose of the Thalamus?

A

Relays sensory messages to Cortex

21
Q

What is the purpose of the Amygdala?

A

Part of the Limbic System; involved in aggression and fear
-Linked to Emotion

22
Q

What is the purpose of the Cerebral Cortex?

A

The outer layer responsible for most complex behaviors and higher mental processes

23
Q

What is the purpose of the Corpus Callosum?

A

Thick band of axons connecting the two hemispheres of the Cerebral Cortex

24
Q

What is the purpose of the Pons?

A

Involved with respiration, movement, waking, sleep, and dreaming

25
Q

What is the purpose of the Cerebellum?

A

Coordinates fine muscle movement, balance, and some perception and cognition

26
Q

What is the purpose of the Medulla?

A

Responsible for breathing, heartbeat, and other vital life functions

27
Q

What is the purpose of the Spinal Cord?

A

Responsible for transmitting information between the brain and rest of the body
Handles simple reflexes

28
Q

What is the purpose of the Reticular Formation?

A

Helps screen incoming sensory information
Controls arousal

29
Q

What is the purpose of the Brainstem?

A

Helps regulate reflex activities critical for survival (ex: heartbeat and respiration)

30
Q

What is the purpose of the Frontal Lobe?

A

-Receives and coordinates messages from the other lobes
-Motor Control, speech control, speech production, and higher functions (thinking, personality, memory)
-Contains Broca’s Area and the Motor Cortex

31
Q

What is the purpose of the Temporal Lobe?

A

-Hearing, language comprehension, memory, and some emotional control
-Contains Wernicke’s area
-Includes the auditory processing areas
-Located on each side of the brain above the ears

32
Q

What is the purpose of the Occipital Lobes?

A

-Responsible for vision and visual perception
-Located in the back of the brain

33
Q

What is the purpose of the Parietal Lobe?

A

-Receives information about pressure, pain, touch, and temperature
-Located at the top of the brain, directly behind the frontal lobes
-Responsible for interpreting bodily sensations

34
Q

What is the purpose of the Left Hemisphere of the Brain?

A

-Language Functions
-Analytical (figure things out step-by-step)
-Controls the right side of the body

35
Q

What is the purpose of the Right Hemisphere of the Brain?

A

-Nonverbal Abilities
-Synthetic (figures things out by combining pieces to form wholes)
-Controls the left side of the body

36
Q

What is Neuroplasticity?

A

Brain’s lifelong ability to recognize and change its structure and functions

37
Q

What are the 4 components of Neuroplasticity?

A
  1. Positive Emotion
  2. Repetition and practice
  3. Visualization
  4. Meditation
38
Q

What is the CNS?

A

-Composed of the Brain and the Spinal Cord
-Spinal cord is the primary means for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body
-CNS makes decisions for the body
-The brain directs mental processes and maintains basic life functions

39
Q

What is the PNS?

A

-Consists of the “rest of” the nervous system
-Gathers and sends information to the rest of the body
-Connects the CNS to the rest of the body
-Subdivided into the Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System

40
Q

What is the Somatic Nervous System?

A

-Connects to sensory receptors
-Controls Skeletal muscles
-Controls voluntary movement

41
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

-Controls involuntary bodily functions (heartbeat, stress response, etc.)
-Subdivided into the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

42
Q

What is the Sympathetic Nervous System?

A

-Arouses
-Fight or Flight response
-Prepares the body for action in stressful situations

43
Q

What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

A

-Calms
-Acts to calm the body after an emergency or stressful situation has ended

Psychology (2 decks)

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