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Neuroscience bear > Chapter 2: Neurons and Gila > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Neurons and Gila Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main types of cells in nervous system?

A

Neurons and gila

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2
Q

How many neurons are there in human brain?

A

86 billion

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3
Q

How many gila are there in human brain?

A

85 billion

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4
Q

What do neurons do?

A

They sense changes in environment, communicate changes to other neurons and command our body’s responses

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5
Q

What do gila do?

A

They insulate, support and nourish neighbouring neurons

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6
Q

What is the consistency of brain tissue like?

A

Jello-O, not firm enough to make thin slices

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7
Q

How do scientist harden brain tissue?

A

Immersing them in formaldehyde

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8
Q

What does a microtome do?

A

Make very thin slices

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9
Q

What is Nissl stain?

A

Basic dyes that stain the nuclei of all cells as well as Nissl bodies

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10
Q

What is Nissl bodies?

A

Clumps of material surrounding nuclei of neurons

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11
Q

Why is Nissl stain useful?

A
  1. Distinguishes between neurons and gila

2. Enable the study of cytoarchitecture (arrangement) of neurons in different parts of brain

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12
Q

What is golgi stain?

A

Soaking brain tissue in silver chromate solution

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13
Q

What do golgi stain show?

A

Neurons have two parts:

  1. Central region that contains cell nucleus called cell body, soma and perikaryon
  2. Numerous thin tubes that radiate from central region called neurites and have two types: axons and dendrites
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14
Q

How many axons does a cell body give rise to?

A

1

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15
Q

What are axons like?

A

Uniform diameter throughout its length, any branches from it generally extend at right angles

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16
Q

What are dendrites like?

A

Rarely longer than 2mm, dendrites extend from cell body and taper at fine point

17
Q

What is neuron doctrine?

A

Neurites of different neurons are not continuous with each other and communicate by contact, not continuity

18
Q

What is cell body/soma like?

A
  • 20μm (micrometer) in diameter
  • has watery fluid inside cell called cytosol
  • cytosol is separated from outside by neuronal membrane
  • contain same organelles found in all animal cells
19
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Salty, potassium rich solution

20
Q

What are the organelles found in all animal cell?

A

Nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria

21
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Everything inside cell membrane, including organelles but excluding nucleus

22
Q

What is the size of nucleus?

A

5-10 μm (micrometer)

23
Q

What is nucleus like?

A
  • contained with nuclear envelope

- inside nucleus are chromosomes which contain DNA

24
Q

What is nuclear envelope?

A
  • double membrane containing nucleus

- perforated by pores about 0.1 μm across

25
Q

What distinguishes a neuron from other cells?

A

Specific parts of DNA used to assemble cell called genes

26
Q

What are the size of genes?

A

0.1 to several micrometers in length

27
Q

What is gene expression?

A

Reading of DNA

28
Q

What is the final product of gene expression?

A

Proteins

29
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

Assembly of protein molecules

30
Q

Where do protein synthesis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

31
Q

How does protein synthesis work?

A

DNA never leaves the nucleus, hence an intermediary (mRNA) carries the genetic message to sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

32
Q

What does mRNA work?

A

Four different nuclei acids strung together in various sequences to form a chain, the different sequences represent the information in the gene

33
Q

What is transcription?

A

Process of assembling a piece of mRNA that contains information of a gene

34
Q

What is the name of resulting mRNA after transcription?

A

Transcript

Neuroscience bear (2 decks)

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