Chapter 2 Nervous System Functional Anatomy

Question 1

What 4 lobes of the brain were discussed? where are the positioned compared to one another?

Answer 1

The frontal lobe furthest anterior. The occipital lobe is furthest back. the temporal lobe is on the sides of your head, located around the ears, and the parietal lobe is located between the frontal lobe and the occipital lobe. The central sulcus separates the frontal and occipital lobes. the lateral fissure separates the temporal and frontal lobes.

Question 2

What is the frontal lobe responsible for? Around what regions take care of what tasks?

Answer 2

The frontal lobe is responsible for consciousness. The motor cortex is located just anterior to the central sulcus. The speech area of the brain is located superior to the lateral fissure. Finally the frontal association area is the anterior portion of the frontal lobe.

Question 3

What is the temporal lobe responsible for? Around what regions take care of what tasks?

Answer 3

The temporal lobe is responsible for speech recognition. The anterior portion of the lobe, right by the lateral fissure, is responsible for smell. further along the lateral fissure towards the parietal lobe is the hearing region. Finally just inferior to the hearing region is the auditory association area.

Question 4

What is the parietal lobe responsible for? Around what regions take care of what tasks?

Answer 4

The Parietal lobe is responsible for movement and stimulus perception. The somatosensory cortex is located just posterior to the central sulcus. the taste area of the brain is located superior to the end of the lateral fissure, just posterior to the inferior end of the somatosensory cortex. The speech area is located superior to taste. Reading activates the most inferior position of the parietal lobe, which is right by the occipital and temporal lobes. Finally the somatosensory association area is located superior to the reading area

Question 5

What is the occipital lobe responsible for? Around what regions take care of what tasks?

Answer 5

The occipital lobe is responsible for vision. The visual association is on the superior posterior area of the occipital lobe.

Question 6

What are the brains Primary functions?

Answer 6

1. Creating a sensory reality that evolution equipped individual species with to help them survive.
2. Integrating Information (current knowledge can be compared to past knowledge)
3. Producing behavior

Question 7

What is the anatomical structure of the nervous system?

Answer 7

1. Nervous system (to 2/3) 2. cns (to 4/5) 3. pns (to 6/7) 4. Brainstem 5. Spinal cord 6. Somatic 7. Autonomic (to 8/9) 8. Sympathetic 9. Parasympathetic.

Question 8

What is the functional structure of the nervous system?

Answer 8

1. Nervous system (to 2,3,4,5)
2. Central ns (behaviour)(to brain and spinal cord)
3. Somatic ns (Transmit sensation, make movement)(to cranial nerve & spinal nerve)
4. Autonomic ns (Homeostasis)(to parasympathetic and sympathetic)
5. Enteric (gut)

Question 9

What are the anatomical location terms? (Brain body orientation)

Answer 9

up: superior
down: inferior
backward: posterior (caudal in animal)
forward: anterior (rostral in animal)
left/right: laterally
towards midline of body: medially

Question 10

Afferent nerve?

Answer 10

Towards cns

Question 11

Efferent nerve?

Answer 11

Away from CNS

Question 12

3 types of sectional views of brain?

Answer 12

Coronal: headphones
Sagittal: mohawk or centurion (the helmet with the mohawk.)
Horizontal: halo

Question 13

What are meninges? How many are there? What are they named, where are they compared to one another, and what is remarkable about them?

Answer 13

Meninges are the 3 layers between the brain and the skull. The outermost, the dura mater is a tough, double layered, loose sac that encloses the brain and the spinal cord. The next one medially is the arachnoid mater. It is thin and follows the contours of the brain. The pia mater is the innermost meninge made of connective tissue that clings to the brain. CSF is contained between the arachnoid mater and pia mater.

Question 14

What is a brain infection called? What is an infection of the surrounding material of the brain called?

Answer 14

Encephalitis; Meningitis.

Question 15

What is the general composition of csf? What does it do?

Answer 15

csf is made of sodium chloride and other salts. It fills the ventricles and runs through the sup arachnoid space, cushioning the brain.

Question 16

What is the cerebral cortex?

Answer 16

The outer “bark” layer

Question 17

What are the features of the brainstem?

Answer 17

The brainstem houses the central structures of the brain, including the hindbrain, midbrain, and diencephalon.

Question 18

What is a stroke caused by? what kinds are there?

Answer 18

Ischemic strokes are the most common stroke, and they are caused by blood clotting that cuts of blood supply in a portion of the brain.
there are 2 types of ischemic. Embolic and thrombotic. Embolic is caused by a clot outside the brain and thrombotic is caused by a clot inside of the brain.
Hemorrhagic strokes are the least common (20%) and they are caused by hemorrhages that leak blood into the brain tissue.

Question 19

What is white matter?

Answer 19

White matter in the ns is mostly composed of myelinated/fat sheathed axons.

Question 20

What is grey matter?

Answer 20

Grey matter in the ns is mostly composed of neuron cell bodies.

Question 21

What are ventricles? How many are there? Where are they located?

Answer 21

The ventricles are cavities in the brain that house csf. there are 4. the lateral ventricles are inferior to the corpus callosum. the third ventricle is inferior and medial to the lateral ventricles. the fourth ventricle is inferior and somewhat posterior to the third, and is located near the cerebellum.

Question 22

What 2 main types of cells exist in the nervous system? What are their main roles? how many of each are there?

Answer 22

Neurons and glia are the cells. The roll of neurons is to send and receive nerve impulses carrying out brain function. There’s about 80 billion.
Glia exist to aid and modulate neuronal activities. Theres about 100 billion.

Question 23

What is a nerve? What is a tract?

Answer 23

A nerve is a collection of axons travelling outside the cns. A tract is a collection of axons in the cns.

Question 24

What are the anatomical divisions of the central nervous system? what functional divisions are they directly related to?

Answer 24

Anatomical: forebrain; Functional: forebrain.
Anatomical: brain stem; Functional: diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain.
Anatomical: spinal cord; Functional: spinal nerves.

Question 25

What are the principle structures of the cns? what functional structures are they in?

Answer 25

Functional: Forebrain
Principle: Cerebral cortex, Basal ganglia, Limbic system.
Functional: Diencephalon
Principle: Hypothalamus, Thalamus.
Functional: Midbrain
Principle: Tegmentum, Tectum.
Functional: Hindbrain
Principle: Medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum, reticular formation.
Functional: Spinal nerves
Principle: Thoracic nerves, lumbar nerves, Cervical nerves, Sacral nerves.

Question 26

What are the responsibilities of the brain stem?

Answer 26

The brainstem is responsible for life sustaining behavior, producing movement, making a sensory world, and receiving and sending impulses for movement and senses.

Question 27

What does the Hindbrain contain? What does it overall do?

Answer 27

The hindbrain houses the cerebellum, medulla, pons, and reticular formation. The hindbrain is responsible for integrating voluntary and involuntary movement

Question 28

What does the cerebellum do?

Answer 28

The cerebellum controls voluntary movements and helps with cognitive function.

Question 29

What does the Reticular formation do?

Answer 29

It is a mix of grey and white matter that stimulates the forebrain which regulates the sleep cycle. (sleep wake behavior and behavioral arousal.)

Question 30

What does the pons do?

Answer 30

The pons is the bridge that connects the cerebellum to the rest of the body. It helps control some movement.

Question 31

What does the medulla do?

Answer 31

Control breathing and heart rate.

Question 32

What does the midbrain contain? What does it do overall?

Answer 32

The midbrain contains the tectum and tegmentum.

Question 33

What does the tectum do? Where is it?

Answer 33

The tectum is on the roof of the midbrain and helps with orienting movement and auditory/visual sensory processing.

Question 34

What does the tegmentum do? Where is it?

Answer 34

The tegmentum is on the floor of the midbrain and helps with pain perception, species specific behavior, and eye/limb movement.

Question 35

What is the law of Bell and Magendie?

Answer 35

That sensory fibers are generally located dorsally and motor fibers are located ventrally.

Question 36

What does the diencephalon contain? What generally does it do?

Answer 36

The diencephalon contains the hypothalamus and thalamus. It integrates sensory and motor information on the way to the cerebral cortex.

Question 37

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 37

The hypothalamus controls sexual behavior, temperature, feeding, hormone function (with pituitary), emotional function, and sleeping.

Question 38

What does the thalamus do?

Answer 38

The thalamus helps with motivation, memory, sensory processing, motor processing, and integrative functions.

Question 39

What are the basic structures of the forebrain?

Answer 39

The forebrain contains the allocortex/limbic cortex, the cerebral cortex, and the basal ganglia.

Question 40

What do the basal ganglia do? Where are they?

Answer 40

The basal ganglia are responsible for controlling voluntary movement. They are a collection of grey matter cells located below the white matter of the cortex.