Chapter 2: Movement Analysis

Question 1

Using an example from a sport of your choice, identify the two types of movement that can occur at a hinge joint. (4)

Answer 1

AO1
• Flexion (1)
• Extension (1)

AO2
Answers must contain the movement and a relevant sporting example.
• (Flexion) lifting a hockey stick in preparation to strike the ball (1)
• (Extension) movement of the stick downwards to strike the ball (1)

Question 2

What three components do all levers have?

Answer 2

Levers all contain:

• Fulcrum
• Load (Resistance)
• Effort

Question 3

For 1st, 2nd and 3rd class levers describe their mechanical advantage

Answer 3

1st= can have a high/low MA depending on the lengths of load/effort arms

2nd = Always have high MA

3rd = Always have low MA

Question 4

Define Lever

Answer 4

Lever = a rigid bar (usually a bone) that moves around an axis (usually a joint)

Question 5

Define Fulcrum

Answer 5

Fulcrum = a fixed point which a lever turns around (also called an axis or joint)

Question 6

Define Load

Answer 6

Load = the weight or resistance that a lever moves

Question 7

Define Effort

Answer 7

Effort = The force required to move a load, usually applied by the muscles

Question 8

First Class Lever

Answer 8

Fulcrum is always in the middle, load and effort at either end

Question 9

Third Class Lever

Answer 9

Effort is always in the middle, fulcrum and load at either end

Question 10

Second Class Lever

Answer 10

Load is always in the middle, fulcrum and effort at either end

Question 11

Explain Mechanical Disadvantage

Answer 11

Mechanical Disadvantage = when the load arm is longer than the effort arm the load is hard to move

Question 12

Explain Mechanical Advantage

Answer 12

Mechanical Advantage = Levers with long effort arm and short load arm can move heavy loads with less effort eg a wheelbarrow

Question 13

What are the Load Arm and Effort Arm?

Answer 13

Load Arm = distance from the load to the fulcrum

Effort Arm = distance from the effort to the fulcrum

Question 14

What is Mechanical Advantage

Answer 14

Mechanical Advantage is the relationship between the length of the Load Arm and the length of the Effort Arm of a Lever System

Question 15

Define Flexion and Extension. Which type of joint do they occur at?

Answer 15

Flexion = Closing the angle of a joint
Extension = Opening the angle of a joint
Both occur at hinge joint (elbow/knee)

Question 16

Define Abduction and Adduction, which type of joint does this occur at?

Answer 16

Abduction = Taking arm/leg away from midline of the body
Adduction = Adding an arm/leng to midline of the body
Both occur at ball and socket (shoulder/hip) joint

Question 17

Define Dorsi-Flexion and Plantar-Flexion. Which joint do they occur at?

Answer 17

Dorsiflexion = foot flexes upwards

Plantar flexion = foot flexes downwards (point toes)

Both occur at ankle joint

Question 18

Define Rotation, which type of joint does this occur at

Answer 18

Rotation = Circular movement around a fixed joint

Occurs at ball and socket joints in shoulder/hip

Question 19

Describe the Frontal Plane

Answer 19

Frontal Plane = divides the body into front and back halves and is concerned with side to side movement eg abduction and adduction

Question 20

Describe the Transverse Plane

Answer 20

Transverse Plane = divides body into top and bottom halves, concerned with rotational movement.

Question 21

Describe the Sagittal Plane

Answer 21

Sagittal Plane = divides the body into left and right halves and is concerned with forward and backward movements eg flexion and extension

Question 22

Describe the Sagittal Axis

Answer 22

Sagittal Axis = Runs through the belly button from front to back, allowing abduction and adduction movements
e.g., the Cartwheel axis

Question 23

Describe the Longitudinal Axis

Answer 23

Longitudinal Axis = Runs vertically through the body from head to toe allows rotation
e.g., the Twisting axis

Question 24

Describe the Transverse Axis

Answer 24

Transverse Axis = Runs through hips from left to right allows flexion and extension
e.g., the Somersault axis

Question 25

Which planes correspond to which axes?

Answer 25

Frontal Plane = Sagittal Axis

Transverse Plane = Longitudinal Axis

Sagittal Plane = Transverse Axis

Question 26

Define Planes & Axes

Answer 26

Plane = Imaginary line that splits the body into two halves and depicts the direction of movement

Axis = imaginary line through the body around which the body parts rotate

Question 27

Identify the plane and the axis when the arm bends at the elbow.

Answer 27

•    Sagittal plane (1)

*    Transverse axis (1)

Question 28

Identify the type of lever being used at the elbow during the forehand tennis stroke.

Answer 28

Third class lever (1)

Question 29

A gymnast performs a cartwheel, which plane and axis is the movement taking place about?

Answer 29

•    Frontal (plane) (1)

*    Sagittal (axis) (1)

Question 30

Which one of these shows how to calculate the mechanical advantage of a lever?

A Effort arm × weight (resistance) arm

B Effort arm ÷ weight (resistance) arm

C Effort arm + weight (resistance) arm

D Effort arm − weight (resistance) arm

Answer 30

B Effort arm ÷ weight (resistance) arm

Question 31

Which one of the following statements best describes the term ‘adduction’ at a ball and socket joint?

A The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

B The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body

C The movement of a limb in a complete circle

D The movement of a limb which increases the angle of a joint

Answer 31

B The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body

Question 32

Name the two types of movement that can occur at a hinge joint.

Answer 32

• Flexion or bending or decreasing the angle (between the bones) (1)
• Extension or straightening or increasing the angle (between the bones) (1)

Question 33

What type of movement occurs in the Frontal Plane & about the Sagittal Axis? Give a sporting example

Answer 33

Abduction & Adduction

Relevant sporting example: e.g.,
Cartwheel
Butterfly swimming
Star Jumps

Question 34

What type of movement occurs in the Transverse Plane and about the Longitudinal Axis? Give a sporting example

Answer 34

Rotation

Relevant sporting example: e.g., 
Discus Throw
Hammer Throw
360o twist
Ice Skating Spin
360° twist (ice skating spin)/discus thrower

Question 35

What type of movement occurs in the Sagittal Plane and about the Transverse Axis? Give a sporting example

Answer 35

Flexion & Extension;
Plantar flexion & Dorsi flexion

Relevant sporting example: e.g.,
Front somersault
Forward roll
Running action