Chapter 2 Modules

Question 1

What is monism

Answer 1

The idea that mind is made of the same substance as the rest of the universe

Question 2

Ontogenetic explanation

Answer 2

How behavior develops

Question 3

Functional explanation

Answer 3

Why a structure or behavior has evolved

Question 4

Physiological explanation

Answer 4

Relates behavior to the activity of the brain. Machinery

Question 5

Evolutionary explanation

Answer 5

Reconstruct the evolutionary history of a structure between related species

Question 6

Example of evolutionary explanation

Answer 6

Human have a tiny tailbone because our ancient ancestors had a tail

Question 7

What are widely branching structures of a neuron called

Answer 7

Dendrites

Question 8

Long thin structure that carries info to another cell

Answer 8

Axon

Question 9

By surrounding a connection between neurons it shields from chemicals , helps synchronize enabling axons to send messages in waves
Wrap around synapses

Answer 9

Astrocytes

Question 10

Micro glia

Answer 10

Immune system removing viruses and fungi from brain

Question 11

Oligodendrocytes ( in brain and spinal) and Schwann cells ( in periphery) do what ?

Answer 11

Build myelin sheaths , supply axon with nutrients

Question 12

Radial glia

Answer 12

Guide migration of neurons axons and dendrites during embryonic development

Question 13

Molecules that dissolve in fats cross blood brain barrier as well as

Answer 13

Vitamin A, D, iron, glucose( main fuel) , amino acids, purines, choline

Question 14

Polarization

Answer 14

Difference in electrical charge between inside and outside cell
Inside negative
Difference is it’s resting potential

Question 15

Sodium potassium pump

Answer 15

A protein complex transports three sodium ions out of cell while drawing two potassium ions into it

Sodium ions are more concentrated outside of cell and potassium more saturated inside

Question 16

When neuron is at rest two forces act on sodium ..

Answer 16

Tending to push it into the cell

Question 17

Potassium is positive charged and more concentrated inside cell. When the membrane is at rest ..

Answer 17

Concentration gradient drives potassium out of cell, the electrical draws then into cell

Question 18

Hyper-polarization

Answer 18

Increased polarization ( difference in charges in and out of cell)

Question 19

When membrane is at rest what drives potassium out of the cell .. what draws them in

Answer 19

Concentration gradient pushes out
Electrical gradient draws in
SP pump draws in

Question 20

What is difference in hyper-polarization and depolarization

Answer 20

Hyper is exaggeration of the usual negative charge in the cell to a more negative level
Depolar is decrease in the negative within cell
If meets threshold the cell produces action potential

Question 21

All or none law

Answer 21

The size and shape of action potential are independent of the intensity of the stimulus. Same amplitude and velocity . It doesn’t apply to dendrites because they don’t have action potentials

Question 22

During action potential do sodium move into or out of it Why ?

Answer 22

During action potential, sodium move into cell . Sodium attracted by concentration and electrical gradient
After action Potassium moves out

Question 23

Refractory period

Answer 23

Resist the production of action potentials

Absolute- membrane can’t produce
Relative- stronger than usual stimlus is necessary

Question 24

Local neurons

Answer 24

Exchange info with close neighbors

Question 25

Graded potential

Answer 25

Membrane potential that varies in magnitude in proportion to the stimulus inhibiting or exciting other neurons

Question 26

When neurons at rest where are the sodium ions and potassium ions most concentrated?

Answer 26

Sodium outside

Potassium in

Question 27

When membrane at rest what are the forces acting in sodium ions

Answer 27

Concentration and electrical gradient move sodium into the cell

Question 28

When at rest what forces acting on potassium ions

Answer 28

Concentration tends to move into

Electrical moves out

Question 29

Which direction does sodium potassium pump move ions

Answer 29

It moves sodium out of cell and potassium into cell

Question 30

What conditions produce action potential

Answer 30

When it reaches threshold

Question 31

Membrane depolarizer twice threshold then what?

Answer 31

The neuron produces same action potential it would have anyway

Question 32

Which part of neuron does all or nothing law apply

Answer 32

Axons

Question 33

During rising portion of action potential which ions are moving across the membrane and in which direction

Answer 33

Sodium moves in

Question 34

After action potentials what accounts for back to resting level

Answer 34

Concentration moves potassium out because channels open

Question 35

What does myelin sheath accomplish

Answer 35

Action potentials go more rapidly

Question 36

Refractory period of axon what causes it

Answer 36

Sodium channels closed