Chapter 2: Models for Understanding Abnormal Behavior

Question 1

Id

Answer 1

Pleasure principle that is illogical, emotional, and irrational

Question 2

Superego

Answer 2

Moral principle that involves the conscience

Question 3

Ego

Answer 3

Reality principle that is logical and rational, typically used to resolve conflict between the Id and Superego

Question 4

Anxiety

Answer 4

Typically occurs when there is no resolution of conflict between the Id and Superego

Question 5

Defense Mechanisms

Answer 5

These occur when there is an unconscious conflict from the anxiety caused and typically is used to either repress, regress, project, or deny what is causing the anxiety

Question 6

Psychodynamic Therapies

Answer 6

Used to uncover unconscious conflict and resolve/work through the conflicts. One criticism of this approach is that it could take years to uncover the unconscious conflict

Question 7

Cognitive-Behavioral Approach

Answer 7

Describes the relationship between cognition, emotion, and behaviors in the onset and maintenance of psychological disorder

Question 8

Classical Conditioning

Answer 8

These behaviors are learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one. For example, researchers conditioned the phobia of little white animals in Little Albert because they had made him associate these animals with a loud noise.

Question 9

Exposure

Answer 9

Is used to break down the behavior that has been conditioned

Question 10

Operant Conditioning

Answer 10

Behaviors that have been strengthened because they have been reinforced. Associated with positive or negative reinforcement

Question 11

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 11

The process of rewarding or reinforcing desirable behavior in order to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the future

Question 12

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 12

Occurs when something unpleasant or uncomfortable is removed or taken away in order to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior. In phobias, this can look like avoidance because when the phobia is avoided, there is no anxiety.

Question 13

Observational Learning

Answer 13

Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others

Question 14

Modeling

Answer 14

Learning by copying the behavior of someone else

Question 15

Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment

Answer 15

Proved that children can learn though observation and later imitating the same behaviors with a combination of environmental and cognitive processes