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Genetics > Chapter 2 - Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are chromosomes composed of ?

A

DNA and proteins

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2
Q

In eukaryotes, what is the DNA protein complex called?

A

Chromatin

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3
Q

What don’t prokaryotes have compared to eukaryotes?

A

chromatin
non-coding RNAs

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4
Q

Independent assortment occurs when

A

homologous chromosomes separate from each other.

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5
Q

Another term for double stranded chromosome

A

Sister chromatids

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6
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A
  • Identical replicated chromosomes connected be a centromere
  • still ONE chromosome
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7
Q

What are daughter chromosomes?

A

two Separate chromosomes

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8
Q

List the features of Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • no nucleus
  • has nucleoid
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9
Q

List features of Eukaryotic Cells

A
  • membrane bound organelles (compartmentalization)
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10
Q

A/A is

A

homozygous for the dominant allele

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11
Q

B/b is

A

heterozygous

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12
Q

c/c

A

homozygous for the recessive allele

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13
Q

How many sets of chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell, and how many chromosomes are within one set?

A

2 sets with 23 in each

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14
Q

What does a cytologist do?

A

using a microscope to exam chromosomes

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15
Q

what is a karyotype?

A

an organized representation of the chromosomes from a single cell

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16
Q

List organisms who use asexual reproduction

A
  • bacteria
  • amoeba
  • yeast
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17
Q

Why is cell division important?

A

to achieve multicellularity
plants - single cell through repeated cell division
animals - single fertilized egg that turns into an adult

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18
Q

What is binary fission and who uses it?

A
  • a cell divides into two daughter cells (no genetic material involved)
  • prokaryotes - bacteria
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19
Q

What protein is used in binary fission?

A

FTsZ

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20
Q

What does FTsZ do?

A
  • helps create the septum that separate the two daughter cells
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21
Q

What is included in Interphase?

A
  1. G1 phase
  2. S phase
  3. G2 phase
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22
Q

What is the G0 phase?

A

non dividing cells

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23
Q

Why is it bad for cells to grow in the G0 phase?

A

cells become uncontrollable which leads to cancer

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24
Q

What happens in the G1 phase?

A

getting the cells ready for DNA replication
- takes longer for Eukaryote cells bc large genomes

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25
What happens in S phase?
chromosomes are replicated
26
In the S phase - the term changes from chromosomes to ___?
Chromatids which form sister chromatids or dyads.
27
What happens in the G2 phase?
- Shortest phase - double check phase - checks that the DNA replicated correctly if it didn't kills itself (apoptosis).
28
Homologous chromosomes are
genetically identical - 1 pair is from mom - 1 pair is from dad
29
What is the primary purpose of Mitosis?
to distribute replicated chromosomes
30
One chromatid is called
a monad
31
List the 4 phases of Mitosis
1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase
32
Describe cytokinesis in plants vs animals
Plants - cell plate Animals - cleavage furrow
33
What is the end result of Mitosis?
two diploid daughter cells
34
Mitosis is what type of reproduction?
Asexual
35
Describe Prophase in Mitosis (3)
1. Getting the chromosomes condensed for metaphase 2. chromatids are joined as pairs of sister chromatids 3. microtubules are forming the spindle apparatus
36
Describe Metaphase in Mitosis (2)
1. sister chromatids are lined up in the middle 2. polar microtubules appear
37
Describe Anaphase in Mitosis
1. Sister chromatids are pulled apart now called chromosomes
38
Describe Telophase in Mitosis
1. not actually pulled apart (in cytokinesis) 2. end up of M phase 3. individual chromosomes are equal on both sides 4. chromosomes start to decondense
39
Describe Cytokinesis in Mitosis
1. cells separate into 2 genetically IDENTICAL daughter cells
40
What are the 3 types of Spindle microtubules?
1. Aster 2. polar 3. kinetochore
41
Describe Aster microtubules
1. positions the spindle apparatus
42
Describe the polar microtubules
1. help push the poles away from each other
43
Describe the kinetochore microtubules
- attach to each kinetochore, which is bound to the centromere of each individual chromosome
44
Meiosis is what type of reproduction
Sexual
45
Meiosis starts with
The Parents ,Diploid (2N), to make gametes with HALF the amount of genetic material (haploid: N)
46
Haploid has how many copies of DNA
1 copy
47
What is the end result of Meiosis?
4 haploid cells
48
The cells in Meiosis are
Genetically SIMILAR
49
List the 5 Stages of Prophase 1 in Meiosis 1
1. Leptotene 2. Zygotene 3. Pachytene 4. Diplotene 5. Diakinesis
50
Describe Leptotene
chromosomes are condensing
51
Describe Zygotene
1. Formation of Synaptonemal complex (start of zipper) 2. Homologous chromosomes recognize each other and align- Synapsis occurs 3. Forms a bivalent
52
What does the synaptonemal complex do?
a protein that physically holds the homologous chromosomes together - start of the zipper
53
What is a bivalent or Tetrad?
Contains two pairs of sister chromatids or a total of four chromatids
54
Describe Pachytene
1. Crossing over has occurred or Chiasma but can't see it 2. Bivalent is fully formed (zipper is fully formed)
55
What is chiasma or crossing over?
the physical exchange of chromosome pieces
56
Describe Diplotene
1. Synaptonemal complex (zipper) dissociates. 2. Now we can see the crossing over
57
Describe Diakinesis
1. End of prophase 1 2. Zipper is fully gone now 3. chromosomes are condensed + ready for Metaphase 1.
58
Describe Metaphase 1 in Meiosis
1. Tetrads or Sister Chromatids are aligned in a double row 2. each side is only connected to one kinetochore (green line)
59
Describe Anaphase 1 in Meiosis
1. Sister Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles 2. become dyads (4 sister chromatids to now 2)
60
Describe Telophase 1 in Meiosis
1. nuclear membrane re forms 2. homologous chromosomes have reached respective poles 3. 2 haploid cells
61
Meiosis 2 starts with
half the genetic content
62
What is the difference between Metaphase in Meiosis 1 vs Meiosis 2?
Meiosis 2 Metaphase has sister chromatids not a bivalent/tetrad and is not double stacked
63
What is the difference between Anaphase in Meiosis 1 vs Meiosis 2?
In Meiosis 2 - its just one chromatid or monad - only one side gets the crossed over chromosome
64
Define Isogamous and examples
some simple eukaryotic species that produce gametes that are morphologically similar like fungi and algae
65
Define heterogamous and examples
- Most eukaryotic species produce gametes that are morphologically different 1. sperm 2. egg
66
Define Spermatogenesis
1. occurs in testes 2. diploid cell divides mitotically to produce 2 cells 3. one remains the primary spermatocyte and goes through meiosis 1 and 2 and produces 4 haploid cells (makes the kid)
67
Define Oogenesis
- ovaries - also produces 2 cells; one becomes the actually egg. - the egg remains in prophase 1 until sexually maturity - once fertilized meiosis 2 happens
68
Gametophyte =
Haploid
69
Sporophyte =
Diploid
70
Cells in ___ can go through ___ to produce haploid cells called __.
sporophyte meiosis spores
71
Spores divide by _ to produce the _
mitosis gametophyte
72
What are other factors that determine sex determination? (4 slides of diff animals)
1. temperature in reptiles and fish 2. Insects sometimes is X0 for males instead of XY - number of X's determine sex not present of Y chromosome 3. Chickens - Males are ZZ females ZW 4. Bees - Males are haploid and produced from unfertilized eggs (16N). Females are diploid ad produced from fertilized eggs (32).

Genetics (12 decks)

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