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PYSO 111 > Chapter #2: Methods in Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter #2: Methods in Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

what is answered by methods of observation?

A

What do people do?

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2
Q

what is answered by methods of explanation?

A

Why do they do it?

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3
Q

how are “what people do “measured?

A

observing and measuring what people do

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4
Q

how are “why people do things” explained?

A

looking for relationships between things that are measured

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5
Q

Dogmatikos (belief)

A

the tendency to cling to assumptions

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6
Q

Emperikos (experience)

A

acquiring knowledge through observation/experience. Study and observe in order to acquire knowledge

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7
Q

Scientific Method

A

Procedure of using empirical evidence to establish facts

1) develop theories
2) derive hypothesis
3) test hypothesis
4) use evidence to modify theories

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8
Q

What are the empirical challenges of people?

A

1) complexity -1 00 billion interconnected neurons contribute to thoughts/feelings/actions
2) variability - no two individuals are the same
3) reactivity - people respond different when they know they are being observed

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9
Q

Operational Definition

A

DESCRIPTION of a property in measurable terms

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10
Q

Construct Validity

A

The extent to which the thing being measured adequately characterizes the property (eg. # on scale good indication of weight?)

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11
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Aspects of an observational setting causing an individual to behave differently

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12
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Gaining scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in the natural environment

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13
Q

People are less likely to be influenced when…

A

1) They cannot be identified
2) They do not know how they should behave
3) COVER STUDIES: Misleading explanations
4) FILLER ITEMS: Pointless measures that are meant to mislead

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14
Q

How can demand characteristics be avoided?

A

measuring behaviours that cannot easily be controlled

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15
Q

What is a frequency distribution

A

counting the # of times something happens

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16
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

1) Measures of central tendency

2) Measures of variability

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17
Q

Mean

A

average value of all the measurements ( sum of all values/n where n is the number of observations)

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18
Q

Mode

A

The value of the most frequently observed measurement

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19
Q

Median

A

the value that is ordered middle (11 values greater than 6 and 11 values smaller than 6 makes 6 the median)

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20
Q

Measures of Variability

A

1) Range

2) Standard Deviation

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21
Q

Range

A

value of the largest measurement minus the smallest in a frequency distribution

22
Q

Standard Deviation

A

describes how each of the measurements in a frequency distribution compares to the mean

23
Q

Correlation

A

variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of another variable

24
Q

Does correlation mean causation?

A

no. correlation can provide information to help form predictions but does not = causation

25
Q

Why does correlation only tell us about a relationship? (does not provide a clear why)

A

The third variable problem

26
Q

Third Variable Problem

A

natural correlation between two variables cannot be taken as evidence of a relationship because a third variable could exist that causes them both. (eg. shark attacks go up as ice cream sales go up.. third variable= summertime)

27
Q

Experiment

A

technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables; goal to eliminate differences between groups.

28
Q

How is a experiment possible?

A

through manipulation

29
Q

Manipulation

A

Technique for determining the causal power of a variable by actually changing its value

30
Q

What are the experimental steps?

A

1) Manipulate
2) Measure
3) Compare

31
Q

What does it mean to manipulate in terms of the experimental steps?

A

1) Independent variable = manipulated variable
2) Experimental group = group exposed to manipulation
3) Control group= group NOT exposed to manipulation

32
Q

What does it mean to measure in terms of the experimental steps?

A

1) Measure the dependent variable or the variable that depends on the independent variable

33
Q

What does it mean to compare in terms of the experimental steps?

A

1) Compare the value of the variable in one condition with the value of the variable in the other condition. If the values differ on average we know there is a relationship between the IV and DV

34
Q

What do experiments allow for?

A

the manipulation of variables in a controlled setting which eliminates any third variable that may be present

35
Q

Random Assignment

A

procedure that assigns participants to given condition on chance

36
Q

Type 1 Error

A

a false positive; researchers conclude there is relationship when there is not

37
Q

Tye 2 Error

A

a false negative; researchers conclude there is no relationship when there really is

38
Q

Replication

A

using the same procedures as a previous experiment but with a new sample from the same population. (increases confidence in a relationship)

39
Q

Why should psychologists worry if their replicability is too high or too low?

A

it is bad if a study is too replicable because it may be common knowledge and it is bad if it isn’t replicable because then it is a less valid relationship.

40
Q

What are the human tendencies when thinking about evidence?

A

1) The tendency to see the expected, or what is desired

2) The tendency to ignore what cannot be seen

41
Q

What are the rules for thinking critically about evidence?

A

1) Doubt your own conclusions

2) Consider what you may not see

42
Q

What are the three Tri-Council Policy Statements?

A

1) Respect for Persons
2) Show concern for welfare
3) Research should be just

43
Q

What does “Respect for persons” mean in ethical research?

A

the right to make decisions for and about themselves without undue influence or coercion. (individual is given information and allowed to make decision)

44
Q

What does “show concern for welfare” mean in ethical research?

A

do as much as possible to assess, but with as little risks as possible

45
Q

What does “research should be just” mean in ethical research?

A

distribute risks/benefits equally without prejudice to groups or individuals; do not single out groups.

46
Q

what is a risk-benefit analysis?

A

an analysis carried out by a researcher/research team ensuring no large risks, and that risks are justified

47
Q

What is required when deception is used in psychological research?

A

providing detailed reasoning and justification when research is used

48
Q

What is debriefing in psychological research

A

a description of the true purpose/nature of the study

49
Q

What is confidentiality in psychological research

A

information that is obtained during research must remain anonymous and confidential

50
Q

How can truth be respected?

A

1) report truthfully what was done and found
2) do not fabricate or adjust results
3) do not fail to report information in a study
4) you are obligated to share data

PYSO 111 (2 decks)

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