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Chapter 2-Merrill Flashcards

Historic Developments in Epidemiology

1
Q

Hippocrates

A

1st recorded epidemiologist; attempted to explain disease occurrence using a rational basis rather than a supernatural basis; profound environmental influece associated with health

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2
Q

Hippocrates

A

Humors of the body; persisted for more than 200 years

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3
Q

Humors

A

Blood; phlegm; black bile; yellow bile

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4
Q

Hot humors

A

fever. caused by too much blood. lead to blood letting. treated with a cold treatment

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5
Q

Cold humors

A

treated with a hot treatment

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6
Q

atomic theory

A

everything is made of tiny particles

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7
Q

Galen

A

lifestyle and personality influences. elaborated on Hippocrates’ theory

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8
Q

Procatartic factors

A

the way a person lived (Galen)

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9
Q

Temperament factors

A

Innate qualities of the body leading to having too many or too few humors

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10
Q

Temperament factors

A

influenced health and disease; associated with a particular personality disease vulnerability but also with a particular personality type; lifestyle and personality can influence health and disease

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11
Q

Miasmas

A

General term for particles in the air; vapors

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12
Q

Hieronymous Fracastorius

A

Contagion

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13
Q

Contagion

A

Disease could be caused by particles too small to be seen and that these particles could be spread by close personal contact or from inanimate objects

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14
Q

Thomas Sydenham

A

Symptomology

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15
Q

Symptomology

A

Advocate for a strong empirical approach to medicine and close observation of disease. promoted the concept of diagnosis by symptomology (unconventional)

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16
Q

John Graunt

A

Father of modern demography (biostats)

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17
Q

John Graunt

A

noted that biological phenomenon (births and deaths) varied in predictable patterns

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18
Q

John Graunt

A

Contributed to the beginning of vital stats recordings (births, deaths, marriage, divorce)

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19
Q

James Lind

A

Scurvy

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20
Q

Scurvy

A

Deficiency in vitamin C. Results in abnormal bone formation and hemorrhage of the mucous membrane (diet on disease).

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21
Q

James Lind

A

noted for the first clinical trial in discovering a cure for survey

22
Q

Noah Webster

A

Environmental influences of epidemics

23
Q

Noah Webster

A

epidemics were related to certain environmental factors that combined to affect large populations at once

24
Q

Noah Webster

A

studied yellow fever, scarlet fever, influenza

25
Q

Edward Jenner

A

smallpox inoculation

26
Q

Edward Jenner

A

noted link between cowpox and smallpox and was the first to inoculate

27
Q

Edward Jenner

A

contribution was the basis of vaccination

28
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

hospital hygiene

29
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

noted link between sanitation and material mortality (cross infection). prevention (hygienic practices). contribution led the way for improving hospital hygiene

30
Q

William Farr

A

father of modern vital stats and surveillance

31
Q

William Farr

A

developed basic practices still used today including disease classification

32
Q

William Farr

A

expanded mortality and morbidity analysis to include marital status, occupation, and attitude

33
Q

William Farr

A

multifactorial etiology

34
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

germ theory

35
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Rabies immunization

36
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

demonstrated effective immunization against rabies, anthrax investigation/vaccine, pasteurization

37
Q

PL Panum

A

natural history of measles

38
Q

John Snow

A

Epidemiology of cholera

39
Q

John Snow

A

father of modern epidemiology; spot dot mapping

40
Q

John Snow

A

noted link between polluted water and cholera

41
Q

John Snow

A

descriptive and analytical

42
Q

Joseph Goldberger

A

epidemiology of pellagra

43
Q

Joseph Goldberger

A

Deficiency of B-complex vitamin. Results in skin conditions, digestive problems, mental disturbances

44
Q

Joseph Goldberger

A

developed the hypothesis that pellagra was not an infectious disease

45
Q

Joseph Goldberger

A

nutritional epidemiology

46
Q

Modern epidemiology

A

Since WWII, the discipline of epidemiology developed considerably in terms of research methods and outcomes

47
Q

Doll & Hill

A

responsible for linking smoking to lung cancer

48
Q

Framingham study

A

Conducted in Framingham, MA and was responsible for our understanding of the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease

49
Q

Florence Nightengale

A

helped create changes in hygiene and overall treatment of patients

50
Q

Mary Mallon/Typhoid Mary

A

chronic carrier of typhoid fever. 250 cases. no symptoms of disease

51
Q

Typhoid Mary

A

taught the importance of: keeping track of carriers; food handles and regulation; health inspectors and quarantine

Epidemiology (1 decks)

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