Chapter 2 Medterm And Anatomy Flashcards
Anterior (ventral)
Toward the front of the body.
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward the back of the body.
Medial
Toward the middle line of body.
Think middle of belly
Lateral
Toward the side of the body.
Promixal
Nearer to the point of attachment or to a given reference point.
Example: approximately
Distal
Farther from the point of attachment or from a given reference point.
Superior
Above; toward the head
Inferior
Below; toward the lower end of the spine.
Superficial
Closer to the surface of the body.
Deep
Closer to the center of the body
Sagittal
Cuts through the midline of the body from front to back dividing the body into right and left sections.
Frontal
Cuts a right angle to the midline, from side to side, dividing the body into front and back.
Transverse (horizontal) (axial)
Cuts horizontally through the body,separating the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) sections.
The cell is?
The basic unit of all living things
Connective tissue is divided into four general group
Adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.
Mucous membrane
Line the interior wall of the organs.
Serous membranes
Lines cavities
Lungs are covered by pleura
Heart is covered by pericardium
Peritoneum lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs within.
Synovial membranes
Lines joints
Meninges
Composed of three connective tissue membranes.
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Cutaneous membranes
Skin
Epidermis
Is composed of four to five layers.
Top layer of skin
Dermis
Located under the epidermis it has two layers.
Dermis contains vessels, lymphs, nerves, glands and hair follicles.
Subcutaneous (hypodermis)
Not considered a layer of skin
Musculoskeletal system is a system of
muscles, joints, tendons, and ligaments that provide movement, form, strength, heat production, and protection
Bones
Form the skeleton, support the body, and protect vital organs.
Long tubular
Named for their elongated shape.
Ex: femur and humerus
Short or cuboidal
Cube shaped bones found in the carpal bones and tarsal bones
Sesamoid
Short bone formed within the tendons, such as patella
Flat
Layer of Spongy bone found in between ribs, skull.
Irregular
Zygoma, vertebrae
Closed fracture
Doesn’t break through the skin
Open/compound
Comes through the skin
Comminuted fracture
More than 2 separate bone components
Axial skeleton
- Skull
- hyoid
- ribs
- sternum
- vertebrae
- sacrum
Appendicular skeleton
- Shoulder girdle
- pelvic girdle
- extremities
Three type of joints:
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
Three types of blood vessels:
- Arteries
- veins
- capillaries
Most Arteries carry:
Oxygenated blood away from the heart.
Most veins carry:
Deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Capillaries
Tiny vessels
The heart is composed of three layers:
Epicardium - outer layer of heart.
Myocardium - main muscle.
Endocardium - the inner lining.
RSCA
Right cubclavian artery
RCA
Right carotid artery
LCA
Left carotid artery
Mucous membranes
Find the interior walls of the organs. Such as those of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems
Serous membranes
Lines cavities including the thoracic cavity and internal organs.
Synovial membrane
Line joint cavities and are composed of connective tissue’s they secrete synovial fluid into the joint cavity so that bones can move freely
Meninges
Composed of three connective tissue membranes found within the dorsal cavity and serve as a protective covering of the brain and spinal cord.
Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
Cutaneous membrane
The skin
The five body cavities
- Cranial cavity
- Spinal cavity
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominal cavity
- Pelvic cavity
The epidermis is composed of 4 to 5 layers
- Stratum corneum- outer most layer
- Stratum lucidum- clear layer
- Stratum granulosum- granular layer of cells
- Stratum spinosum- composed of prickle cells
- Stratum basale- deepest of 5 layers, made of basal cells
The dermis is located just under the epidermis. It has two layers of Stratum.
Stratum papillare- thin superficial layer interlocked with the epidermis.
- Stratum reticulare- thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue
The cell is
The basic unit of all living things
Connective tissue is divided into four general groups
- Adipose tissue
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Blood
Hair shaft is composed of
Medulla, cortex, and cuticle
The nail is divided into six specific parts
- The root
- Nail bed
- The nail plate
- The cuticle
- The perionychium
- The hyponychium
The Mosculoskeletal system is a system of
Muscles, joints, tendons, and ligaments that provides movement, form, strength, heat production, and protection
Long or tubular bone
Femur, and humerus
Short or cuboidal
Cube shaped bones found in the carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the ankle
Sesamoid
A short bone formed within the tendons, such as the patella
Flat
Consists of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone such as the skull and ribs
Irregular
Zygoma and vertebrae
Closed fracture
Does not involve a break in the skin
Compound fracture
Projects through the skin increasing the possibility of infection
Comminuted fracture
More than two separate bone components- segmental fracture, bony fragments
Transverse fracture
Breaks the shaft of a bone across the longitudinal axis
Greenstick fracture
Only one side of the shaft is broken, and the other is bent; common in children
Spinal fracture
Spread along length of bone and produced by twisting stress
Colles’ fracture
Occurs in the wrist and affects the distal radius bone
Compression fracture
Occurs in vertebrae and is subject to extreme stress
Epiphyseal fracture
Occurs where the matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are dying usually seen in children
Three types of joints
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
Axial skeleton consist of
. Skull
. Hyoid
. Ribs
. Sternum
. Vertebrae
. Sacrum
Appendicular skeleton consists of
. Shoulder griddle
. pelvic griddle
. extremities
There are three types of muscles found in the body.
- Skeletal muscle: also called striated muscle attached to the skeletal, is voluntary control
- Smooth muscle: found in the walls of all of the hollow organs of the body. is considered involuntary
3 cardiac muscle: also called heart muscle; makes up the wall of the heart
The human body contains three types of blood vessels
- Arteries- which carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
- Veins- carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
- Capillaries- tiny vessels facilitate the exchange of fluid, oxygen, nutrients, and waste between local tissues in the bloodstream.
The heart is composed of three layers
- The epicardium is the outer layer of the heart
- Myocardium is the main muscle of the heart
- Endocardium the inner lining of the heart
The respiratory system includes the
Nose, and nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi and their smaller branches, the lungs, and alveoli
The pharynx is divided into three regions:
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
The lymphatic system consists of
Thymus, tonsils, spleen, lymphatic vessels
Digestive system
Mechanically and chemically breaks down food into minuscule or molecular size for absorption into the blood steam and use at the cellular level
Four portions of the colon are
The ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon.
Ancillary organs also a part of the digestive system are
Pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
The components of the central nervous system (CNS)
The brain and spinal cord
The CNS is the command center
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes
The cranial and spinal nerves
The PNS serves as the communication lines that link all parts of the body to the CNS
The endocrine system consists of:
• the endocrine system is comprised of glands, which secrete or excrete chemicals called hormones
- pituitary gland
- thyroid
- adrenal gland
- Testis
- pineal gland
- thymus
- pancreas
- ovary
