CHAPTER 2: Management and leadership Flashcards
what is a manager?
a person who is responsible for setting objectives, organizing resources to meet those objectives
what are the functions of a manager?
planning organizing commanding coordinating controlling
what is leadership?
is the ability to motivate a group of people towards achieving a common goal
what is management?
is the planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling a business enterprise
what are the interpersonal roles of Mintzberg?
dealing with and motivating staff
figurehead - the symbolic leader of the organization (gives important presentations)
leader - motivates employees and trains managers
liaison - linking with managers and leaders from other organisation
what are the informational roles of Mintzberg?
involved in the processing of information
monitor - collecting data relevant to the business (attending conferences)
disseminator - sends information collected from all sources to the organisation
spokesperson - communicates information about the business to external groups
what are the decisional roles of Mintzberg?
use information to make decisions
entrepreneur - looks fort new opportunities to develop the business (new ideas from within business)
disturbance handler - responding to changing situations that can put the business at risk (respond to new competitor)
resource allocator - decides on the allocation of the businesses financial, human and physical resources
negotiator - represents the business in important negotiations
what is autocratic leadership?
leader takes all decisions on their own
one way communication
staff have little to no contribution and discussion
generally unmotivating for employees
what is democratic leadership?
participation is encouraged discussion with employees before taking decisions two way communication delegation is passed motivating for employees
what is laissez-faire leadership?
little input and direction from management
allows workers to make decisions for themselves
literally means ‘let them do it’
what is theory X?
Theory X managers view their workers as lazy, dislike work, cannot except responsibility and need to be controlled. Managers with this view will work with an autocratic leadership style, which will un-motivate workers and they will in such way because of the managers attitude towards them.
what is theory Y?
Theory Y managers view their workers as enjoying work, are prepared to except responsibility, creative and like sharing ideas. Workers would find managers attitude towards them motivating and would act in such way.
what is emotional intelligence?
the ability to recognize your own feelings and those of others and to be able manage it and use social skills
what is the four components of Goleman’s emotional intelligence?
self awareness - the ability to recognize you own feelings and understand how and why we feel this way
self management - the ability to understand that your behavior affects others and be able to control your emotions
social awareness - the ability to understand other people’s emotions and be sensitive towards them
social skills - handling others emotions well and building relationships and managing them using social skills
what is motivation?
the factors that drives a person towards achieving a certain goal
why is motivation important?
increases labor productivity
lowers levels of absenteeism
lowers labor turnover
increases profit
what is FW Taylor’s theory?
economic man theory
he believed that the only way workers were motivated was by money and that the only factors stimulating effort was the chance of earning financial rewards
he invented piece rate
he believed that ‘workers should be paid a fair days pay for a fair days work’
what is piece rate?
paying workers a certain amount of money for each unit produced
what is Mayo’s theory?
Hawthorn effect and social man
motivation depended on the type of supervision given and group relationships and the sense of teamwork. he believed that financial rewards have little or no effect on productivity. working in teams leads to an improvement in productivity and gives employees a sense of importance.
what is Mazlow’s theory?
hierarchy of needs
self actualization = highly promoted esteem = recognition social - friends = teamwork safety - shelter = contracts physiological - food and water = wages
he believed that individuals start at the bottom with basic needs and once each level has been achieved or satisfied, individuals will aim to achieve the next level.
a business would motivate its employees by offering them the chance to fulfill a higher level of need when the lower one is satisfied.
what is Herzberg’s theory?
motivating factors:
what is Vroom’s theory?
expectancy: the confidence of employees of their ability to complete a task
instrumentality: the belief of employees that by completing a task, they could obtain their desired outcome
valence: the strength of a persons desire to achieve an outcome
what is Mclelland’s theory?
claims that an individual’s motivation depends on their needs and that these needs are determined by the individuals experience.
achievement:
people who have the need for achievement aim for excellence and accomplishment.
authority and power:
a person with a need for power can fall into one of two categories:
- a need to control and direct others
- a need to be influential and make a change
affiliation:
employees who have the need for affiliation generally seek relationships with others in the organization and they need to feel accepted and are motivated to work with others
what is piece rate?
a payment to a worker for each unit produced
what is a salary?
annually income that is payed on a monthly basis
what is a bonus?
extra payment made on top of the normal wage or salary
what are fringe benefit?
a benefit given to employees separate from pay
what is job rotation?
when a team of workers switch their tasks to prevent boredom
what is job enlargement?
increase the scope of a job by deepening the tasks
what is job redesign?
restructuring of a job to make work more interesting and challenging
what is job enrichment?
adding tasks to a job that require more skill or responsibilities
what is HRM?
process of making the most efficient use of an organization employees
what is labor turnover?
the % of a business’s workforce that leave the business over a given period of time
what are the reasons for turnover?
low wages
poor motivation
redundancy or retirement
ineffective recruitment
what is recruitment?
is the the process of identifying the need for a new employee, identifying the job that needs to be filled and the person that needs to fill it
what is internal recruitment?
when a vacancy is filled by an existing employee of the business
what is external recruitment?
when a vacancy is filled by someone who isn’t an existing employee of the business
what are the advantages and disadvantages of internal recruitment?
advantages:
saves time and money
they already know how the business operates
is motivating for employees
disadvantages:
creates jealousy between colleagues
no new ideas or knowledge brought into the business
what are the advantages and disadvantages of external recruitment?
advantages:
new ideas and knowledge into the business
avoids jealousy between staff
a wider choice of potential applicants
disadvantages:
money and time consuming
unaware of the business operations
they need training
what is the employee contract?
a legal document that sets out the terms and conditions of a job
what is induction training?
an introductory training given to new recruits to familiarize them with the business systems and employees
what is on-the-job training?
a form of training given to employees at the workplace
what are the advantages and disadvantages of training?
advantages:
employees feel valued
training improves productivity and motivation
training will give a better reputation for the business, attract highly qualified workers
training can improve the employees performance and the competitiveness of the business
disadvantages:
once they’re trained, they could leave for a better job
employees are unavailable for the organisation (off-the-job)
sometimes managers avoid training their staff as the resources used in training will be wasted
what is off-the-job training?
a form of training given to employees outside of the workplace?
what is dismissal?
is when an employer terminates employees employment for reasons like:
inability to do their job even when training has been given
theft or violence
negative attitude at work
violating their contract
what is unfair dismissal?
ending a workers employment for a reason that the law regards as unfair for reasons like:
pregnancy
discrimination: race, gender, non-relevant criminal records
what is redundancy?
a legal reason for an employer to dismiss an employee, only occurs if a job no longer exists
reasons like:
business closes down and all employees become redundant
their job is replaced by technology
