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Legal Principles Of Health Information > Chapter 2 - Making Ethical Decisions > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Making Ethical Decisions Flashcards

Terminology

1
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Pyramid

P. 29

A
  1. The need for basic life - food and shelter
  2. The need for a safe and secure environment
  3. The need to belong and to be loved
  4. The need for esteem, where status, responsiblity, and recognition are important
  5. The need for self-actualization, for personal growth and fulfillment
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2
Q

Needs-based motivation

P. 30

A

The theory that human behavior is based on specific human needs that must often be met in a specific order. Abraham Maslow is the best known psychologists for this Theory.

  • psychologists believe that individuals move from needs-based motivation to a personal value system that develops from childhood.
  • When we are born, we have no values. The value system we develop as we grow and mature is dependent on the cultural framework in which we live.
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3
Q

Ethics

A

What is defined as standards of behavior developed as a result of one’s concept of right and wrong

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4
Q

Moral values

A

One’s personal concept of right and wrong, is formed through the influence of family, culture, and Society.

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5
Q

Motivation and personality is a classic work by Abraham Maslow First published in 1954

(P. 29)

A

Identified a hierarchy of needs that motivate our actions. According to Maslow’s Theory, there are five stages of need that influence our Behavior.

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6
Q

Hierarchy

A

By satisfying a need in order, results in progression

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7
Q

Maslow’s defined needs 1 to 3 is what?

P. 29

A

Deficiency, or D-needs

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8
Q

Maslow’s defined needs 4 and 5 is what?

P. 29

A

Are growth needs, also known as being, or B-needs

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9
Q

Self-actualization

A

A state of self-fulfillment

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10
Q

Esteem

A

They need to develop a sense of self-worth

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11
Q

Love and belongingness

A

They need to obtain and give affection

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12
Q

Safety needs

A

The need for a safe and secure environment

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13
Q

Physiological Needs

A

The primary drives: needs for water, food, sleep, and sex

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14
Q

needs-based motivation

A

The theory that human behavior is based on specific human needs that must often be met in a specific order. Abraham Maslow is the best known psychologists for this Theory

  • psychologists believe that individuals move from needs-based motivation to a personal value system that develops from childhood.
  • When we are born, we have no values. The value system we develop as we grow and mature is dependent on the cultural framework in which we live.
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15
Q

Jean Piaget described four levels of moral development

P. 30

A
  • first stage occurs from birth to age two and is called sensorimotor stage
  • second stage extends from ages 2 to 7 and is called the preoperational or egocentric stage
  • third stage extends from ages 7 to 12 and is called the concrete operational stage
  • fourth stage extends from ages 13 to adulthood and is called the formal operational stage
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16
Q

Jean Piaget’s Stages of Development from Childhood to Adulthood: Sensorimotor stage

(P. 30)

A
  • First stage
  • occurs from Birth to age 2
  • which the child is totally self-centered.
  • children at this stage of development explore the world with their five senses, and cannot yet see from another’s point of view.
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17
Q

Jean Piaget’s Stages of Development from Childhood to Adulthood: Preoperational or egocentric stage

(P. 30)

A
  • second stage
  • extends from ages 2 to 7
  • the child views the world from his or her own perspective.
  • for example, when playing a game, the child is not particularly concerned with the rules of play, the focus is on fun, not rules.
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18
Q

Jean Piaget’s Stages of Development from Childhood to Adulthood: Concrete operational

(P. 30)

A
  • Third stage
  • extending from ages 7 to 12
  • children tend to see things as either right or wrong, and to see adults as powerful and controlling.
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19
Q

Jean Piaget’s Stages of Development from Childhood to Adulthood: Formal operational stage

(P. 30)

A
  • fourth stage
  • age 13 to Adulthood
  • children develop abstract thought and begin to understand that there may be different degrees of wrongdoing.
  • during this stage in through adulthood, intentions, such as lying (I intend to deceive you) and stealing (I tend to take that objects) are Central to decisions made.
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20
Q

Kohlberg suggested that moral reasoning can best be understood as sequence in six stages, grouped into three major levels:

(P. 31)

A
  • First level - Pre-conventional morality
    • ages 2 to 7
    • two stages:
      * First stage (1) : egocentric, they accept the authority of others
      * second stage (2) : begin to realize that there may be more than just one view as to what is right or wrong. They begin to look at their own self-interest and begin to see advantages in the exchanging of favors.
  • second level - conventional morality
    * ages 7 to 12
    * two stages:
    * first stage (3) “good boy/good girl”
    * second stage (4) more aware of doing one’s duty, the focus is on the rules and respect for authority.
  • Third level - post-conventional morality
    * ages 12 and above
    * two stages:
    * first stage (5) focuses on the social contract and individual rights. A social contract is accepted when people freely enter into work for the benefit of all and for a pleasant Society. During this stage, individuals explore how to balance individual rights and a fair Society for all.
    * second stage (6) is called Universal principles. In this stage, the individual makes a personal commitment to such Universal principles as social justice, equal rights, and respect for the Dignity of all people and realizes that conventional norms and conventions are necessary to uphold Society.
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21
Q

Needs-based motivation

P. 30

A
  • the theory human behavior is based on specific human needs that must often be met in a specific order.
  • Abraham Maslow is the best-known psychologists for this Theory.
  • psychologists believe that individuals move from needs-based motivation to a personal value system that develops from childhood.
  • When we are born, we have no values. The value system we develop as we grow and mature is dependent on the cultural framework in which we live.
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22
Q

Value development theories

P. 30 & 31

A
  • individuals develop personal value systems in stages as they grow.
  • Jean Piaget and Lawrence kohlberg are the best-known psychologists for this Theory
23
Q

Value development theory: Piaget

P. 30

A
  • stage 1: Sensorimotor - birth to age 2
  • stage 2: Preoperational - ages 2 to 7
  • stage 3: Concrete operational - ages 7 to 12
  • stage 4: Formal operational - age 12 and older
24
Q

Value development theory: Kohlberg

P. 31

A

• level 1: Pre-conventional morality

  • level 2: Conventional morality
    * stage 1: “good boy/good girl”
    * stage 2: more aware of doing one’s duty, the focus is on the rules and respect for authority.
  • level 3: Post-conventional morality
    * stage 1: social contract and individual rights.
    * stage 2: Universal principles
25
Q

Value choices theories

P. 33

A
  • Teleological or consequence-oriented theory
  • Deontological or duty-oriented theory
  • Virtue ethics
26
Q

Deontological or duty-oriented theory

P. 33

A

Decision-making theory that states that the rightness or wrongness of the app depends on its intrinsic nature and not the outcome of the act.

  • rule of conduct or action formally recognized as binding by a controlling Authority.
  • enforcement made possible by penalties for disobedience:
    * Fines, imprisonment, or both.
27
Q

Virtue ethics

P. 34

A

Refers to the theory that people who have moral virtues will make the right decisions.

  • focuses on traits, characteristics, and virtues a moral person should have.
  • someone who has practical wisdom, sense of justice, and courage will make the right decision.
  • Alasdair MacIntyre is most well-known virtue Ethicist.
  • critics worry that the past may not provide the right answer.
28
Q

Steps in ethical problem solving

Several steps are common to all ethical Frameworks and should be followed by Healthcare professionals:

(P. 35)

A
  1. Describe the problem. Identify the principles involved. Who will be affected by the decision? Who is ultimately in charge of making the decision?
  2. Collect the facts. Be sure to differentiate between fact and opinion. Are there any legal problems? Has the problem been solved before? What documentation exist?
  3. List the options - as many as possible.
  4. Evaluate the potential options from step 3. Who benefits by the decision? Who does not benefit? What principles are maintained? What principles may need to be sacrificed? Are you going to use utilitarianism, duty-oriented theory, or virtue ethics?
  5. Make your decision and act.
  6. After a certain amount of time, assess the results.
29
Q

Principles of healthcare ethics

A
  • autonomy or self-determination
  • beneficence
  • Nonmaleficence
  • Justice
  • confidentiality
  • role fidelity
  • veracity
30
Q

Autonomy or Self-determination

A

Capacity to be one’s own person, make decisions on one’s own reasons, and not be manipulated or dictated to by external forces.

Characterized by:

  • competency.
  • ability to act on the decision.
  • respect for the autonomy of others.
31
Q

Beneficence

P. 36

A
  • Acts performed by health care practitioner to help people stay healthy or recover from illness.
  • acts of Charity and mercy, beneficence means more for the health care provider.
  • promote health for the patient and above any other considerations.
32
Q

Nonmaleficence

P. 37

A

The duty to “do no harm”.

  • technology has made this principle difficult to follow.
  • many drugs and treatments have the power to heal but may also have serious side effects.
33
Q

Justice

P. 37

A

What is do an individual. Providing to an individual what is his or her due.

  • many would argue that everyone is entitled to Health Care regardless of ability to pay for the care.
  • others argue that people must take responsibility for their actions before assuming they can have Justice.
34
Q

Confidentiality

P. 37

A

Keeping medical information strictly private.

Healthcare professionals must always protect patient privacy.

Health information portability and accountability Act (HIPPA)

  • Mandates privacy and confidentiality of medical records.
  • Healthcare professionals are in the most likely positions to violate confidentiality rules.
35
Q

Role fidelity

P. 38

A

Being faithful to the scope of practice for your profession.

  • Healthcare practitioners have a specific scope of practice for which they are licensed.
  • practitioners must be true to their rules and not practice in an area in which they are not licensed.
36
Q

Veracity

P. 38

A

Truth-telling.

  • has always had in ambiguous place in the healthcare practitioners world.
  • consider the role of placebos.
37
Q

Teleological or consequence-oriented theory

P. 33

A

Decision-making theory that judges the rightness or wrongness based on the outcomes or predicted outcomes.

• Utilitarianism is the most well-known of these theories

38
Q

Utilitarianism

P. 33

A

A consequence-oriented theory that states that decisions should be made by determining what results will produce the best outcome for the most people.

39
Q

Principle of utility

P. 33

A

Used in utilitarianism; requires that the rule used in making a decision must bring about positive results when generalized to a wide variety of situations.

40
Q

Deontological or duty-oriented theory

P. 33

A

Decision-making theory that states the rightness or wrongness of the act depends on its intrinsic nature and not the outcome of the act.

41
Q

Categorical imperative

P. 33

A

A rule that is considered universal law binding on everyone and requiring action.

  • this principle means that there are no exceptions (Categorical) from the rule (imperative). The right action is one based on determine principal, regardless of outcome.
  • the rule may come from religious or other beliefs, but it is a rule not to be ignored under any circumstances.
42
Q

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

P. 33

A

Is considered the father of Duty-orientated Theory.

He defined the categorical imperative as the guiding principle for all decision-making. This principle means that there are no exceptions (categorical) from the rule (imperative).

43
Q

Virtue ethics

P. 34

A

Refers to the theory that people who have moral virtues will make the right decisions.

  • Aristotle (384 B.C.E.)
  • Alasdair MacIntyre (1929-present)
44
Q

Autonomy

• Greek words auto (self) and noms (governance)

(P. 35 & 36)

A

The capacity to be one’s own person and make one’s own decisions without being manipulated by external forces.

Example: informed consent

45
Q

Healthcare practitioners are in the most likely position to violate what?

A

Confidentially rules

46
Q

Respondeat superior is Latin for…

A

“Let the master answer”

47
Q

Human behavior

A

Is a reflection of our attention to our needs or to our values.

48
Q

Act-utilitarianism

P. 33

A

A person makes value decisions based on results that will produce the greatest balance of good over evil, everyone considered.

49
Q

Rule-utilitarianism

P. 33

A

A person makes value decisions based on a rule that if generally followed would produce the greatest balance of good over evil, everyone considered.

50
Q

Values can be

P. 32

A
  • subjective
  • based on religious beliefs
  • based on past experiences
51
Q

The value system we develop as we grow and mature is dependent on the ___________ framework in which we live.

A

cultural

52
Q

The Health Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA)

P. 37

A
  • Mandates privacy and confidentiality of medical records, but healthcare for practitioners who take care to maintain confidentiality at all times are equally as effective as laws.
  • also the care to protect computerized medical information
53
Q

Compensatory Justice

A

Has become an important part of healthcare today that has to do with an individual’s right to sue for damages.

54
Q

Autonomous decisions are characterized by:

P. 36

A
  • competency– a person must be competent to make his or her own decision.
  • the ability to act on the decision.
  • respect for the autonomy of others.

Legal Principles Of Health Information (13 decks)

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