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Phonetics > Chapter 2 + Lectures 1&2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 + Lectures 1&2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Speech

A

the mechanical production + speech sounds

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2
Q

Phonetics

A

study of the production & perception of speech sounds (study of speech sounds, their acoustic and personal characteristics, and how they are produced by the speech organs)

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3
Q

Speech involves what?

A

phonetics, articulation, production of speech sounds

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4
Q

Child with phonological issues

A

difficulty using the rules of the sounds

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5
Q

Phonology involves what?

A

patterns of speech sounds, linguistic riles of speech sounds determined by language spoken (syllable and word shape)

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6
Q

Phonology

A

systematic organization of speech sounds in production of language

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7
Q

Vowels do what?

A

carry the energy when speaking

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8
Q

Phonology focuses on what?

A

linguistic rules that are used to specify the manner in which speech sounds are organized & combines into meaningful units, which are then combines to form syllables, words, and sentences

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9
Q

Aspects of articualtion disorder

A

mechanical production fo the sounds (motoric production), can be learned, could be related to anatomical or structural difference/impairment (like cleft palate)

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10
Q

Phonological disorder

A

related to errors in application of speech sound rules, less likely to occur from anatomical or structural abnormalities

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11
Q

important when studying phonetics

A

listening to the speech patterns of words and sentences to become familiar with the sounds of speech. Think about how words sound, not spelled)

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12
Q

Phonological systems include what?

A

features and phones

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13
Q

Features (in the phonological system)

A

sound could have a stop feature, or velar

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14
Q

Phones (in phonological system)

A

sounds in the language, made up of features

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15
Q

What are phones made up of (in phonological system)?

A

features

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16
Q

Other aspects of phonological systems

A

roles and ways to combine

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17
Q

Example of roles in phonological systems

A

providing lexical contrast

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18
Q

Example of ways to combine in phonological systems

A

creating larger units (syllables, words)

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19
Q

What is contrast used for?

A

creating meaning

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20
Q

Example of contrast to create meaning

A

Pat, Tat. both have 3 phones, but differ in the first phone (minimal pair)

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21
Q

Example of minimal pair

A

Pat, Tat. Important when treating phonological pairs

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22
Q

Phonological elements interact according to what?

A

patterns (processes)

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23
Q

Phonological elements are produced with what?

A

varying frequencies and rates (e.g., prosody)

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24
Q

Prosody

A

how we vary stress, loudness, pitch (angie song)

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25
Prosody is used with what?
phonology to communicate
26
What is the final result of phonological elements coming together?
discourse
27
Phonetic repertoire
sounds available to be combines into syllable and word shapes
28
Sounds (in phonetic repertoire)
composed of articulatory gestures
29
Phonetic repertoire is dependent on what?
the person's motor capacities, understanding
30
Summary of phonetic repertoire
everyone has a set of sounds they produce
31
Summary of phonemic repertoire
what they do with the sounds phonetically
32
Phonemic repertoire is dependent on what?
speech perception (bottoming-up processing) and linguistic understanding (top-down processing)
33
Phonemic repertoire
how do the sounds contrast to yield distinctive words, what is each sounds role in language?
34
Phonotactic repertoire
how the sounds in this combine to make structures
35
Aspects of phonotactic repertoire
what syllable + word shapes are available for use? How can the elements be combines into larger units?
36
Phonological patterns
How the syllable, words, phrase shapes interact with the sounds + contrast to yield the final production of the utterance
37
Suprasegmental patterns (prosody)
the melody of language (what are the rhythms and melodies of the language?)
38
Subcomponents considered in intervention in child prosody
articulation impairment, phonological impairment, hard to differentiate
39
Phonetic alphabet
1-to-1 correspondence between a sound and the alphabetic letter (think in terms of sounds not letters)
40
IPA (international phonemic alphabet)
unique alphabet designed to represent the sounds of words of a language, not the spelling of words
41
Without IPA
would be impossible to capture on paper an accurate representation of the speech sound disorders of individuals seeking professional help
42
Graphemes
letters in a words that are not pronounced (cologne, psychology)
43
Aspects of the word cologne, psychology, and tomb
has 7 graphemes, but only 5 speech sounds has 10 graphemes and 8 speech sounds had 4 graphemes and 3 phonemes
44
The word lazy
has 4 speech sounds
45
The word smooth
has 4 speech sounds
46
Allographs
same sound represented by different letters (even if the spelling is different, the sound is the same)
47
Important characteristic of allographs
even if the spelling is different, the sound is the same "lOOP" "thrOUgh" "canOE" "Jam" "exaGGerate" "Gem" "SHoe" "Sean" "preCIous"
48
Morpheme
smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning
49
Example of morpheme
"book" - 1 morpheme, books - 2 morphemes (book + plural) | "walk" - 1 morpheme, walking - 2 morphemes
50
Note on morphemes
syllables and morphemes are not the same thing "celery" - 1 morpheme, 3 syllables "books" - 2 morphemes, 1 syllable
51
Free morphemes
stand alone and carry meaning by itself ("book")
52
Bound morphemes
do not carry meaning on their own and must be bound to a word ("books", -s can not stand on its own), ("musician", -ian can not stand on its own)
53
Phoneme
an individual speech sound that is capable of differentiating meaning
54
Morpheme is made up of what?
individual phonemes
55
A change in a single phoneme can do what?
change the meaning of the morpheme | /b/ in "book" changes to /l/ becomes "look"
56
Minimal pairs
words that differ by only a single phoneme in the same word position (or minimal contracts)
57
Example of minimal pairs
"book" to "look" "clip" to "click" "hear" to "beer" "through" to "crew"
58
Blog/blot
this is a minimal pair because the final phoneme is all that changes, which changes the meaning
59
Rinse/sins
not a minimal pair because there are 2 phonemes that are changes (the initial sound and the final phoneme) the insides stays the same (In), but the end changes because they make different sounds
60
bird/burned
not a minimal pair because a phoneme has to be added (a phoneme wasn't changes, one was added)
61
twitch/switch
minimal pair... 1 phoneme has been changes, t becomes s
62
Allophones
*different production but same sound* phonemes can be considered a family of sounds speech sounds are not always produces the same way in every word /l/ in "bottle" compared to /l/ in "lips"
63
Phoneme families
are variant pronunciations of a particular phoneme "little" first /l/ is light, second /l/ is dark
64
Phoneme families with the lord "little"
changing the way /l/ is produces in each place does not changes the meaning of the word and does not produce minimal pair
65
phonetic context
places constraints on phonemic production | /k/ is produced more forward in the mouth in the word "kid" than it is int he word "could"
66
Example of phonetic context
/k/ is produced more forward in the mouth in the word "kid" than it is int he word "could" (places constraints on phonemic production)
67
Aspects of a syllable
come suggest it is the smallest unit of speech production
68
Syllable
a basic building block of language that may be composed of vowel alone or vowel in combination with one or more consonants - based on phonetic characteristics, not graphemes (what's written)
69
We can divide syllables into
onset and offset
70
Onset
all consonants that precede the vowel | "SPLit" "TRied" "Fast"
71
Rhyme
includes the nucleus and the coda
72
Nucleus
typically a vowel, some consonants can serve as a nucleus | "splIt" "trIEd" "fAst" "chAsM" (syllabic consonant)
73
Coda
Consonant or consonants that follow the nucleus of the syllable "spliT" "trieD" "faST"
74
Open syllables
syllables that end with a vowel phoneme (no coda)
75
Closed syllables
syllables with a coda
76
Examine syllables in "around"
2 syllables - 1st syllable (a) have a coda? no, so this is open syllable 2nd syllable (round) - has coda = closed syllable
77
Syllabic consonants
when consonants take on the role of vowels
78
Dipthong
individual phoneme with two vowels | "rose" "bake" "boy" "tie"
79
Why are there no English words that are comprised of only a consonant?
all syllables in English must have a vowel or dipthong nucleus
80
Primary word stress
multisyllabic words are produces with at least one syllable holding the greatest energy
81
Primary word stress is made up of
word stress and lexical stress
82
Word stress helps with what?
differentiate words spelled the same but are of different word classes (like a noun and verb" Changes in stress patterns also change word pronunciation Example: Project (both noun and verb), rebel (noun and verb)
83
Aspect of word stress
often when you have a word that is spelled the same and only differentiated by stress - like if it were on the 1st or 2nd syllable - that will typically mean you're differentiating between what's a noun and a verb
84
Broad transcription/phonemic transcription
transcription of speech without marking allophonic variation | "ball"
85
Narrow transcription/allophonic transcription
transcription that uses diacritics to mark the variation in phoneme production
86
Systematic transcription
transcription of speech with full knowledge of the speech sound system before hand may be narrow or broad
87
Impressionistic transcription
transcription of speech when little is known about the speech sound system uses narrow transcription because you want to mark down every detail
88
suprasegmental symbols
used to indicate stress, intonation pattern, and tempo of any particular utterance in language

Phonetics (1 decks)

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