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Phonetics > Chapter 2 + Lectures 1&2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 + Lectures 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

Speech

A

the mechanical production + speech sounds

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2
Q

Phonetics

A

study of the production & perception of speech sounds (study of speech sounds, their acoustic and personal characteristics, and how they are produced by the speech organs)

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3
Q

Speech involves what?

A

phonetics, articulation, production of speech sounds

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4
Q

Child with phonological issues

A

difficulty using the rules of the sounds

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5
Q

Phonology involves what?

A

patterns of speech sounds, linguistic riles of speech sounds determined by language spoken (syllable and word shape)

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6
Q

Phonology

A

systematic organization of speech sounds in production of language

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7
Q

Vowels do what?

A

carry the energy when speaking

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8
Q

Phonology focuses on what?

A

linguistic rules that are used to specify the manner in which speech sounds are organized & combines into meaningful units, which are then combines to form syllables, words, and sentences

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9
Q

Aspects of articualtion disorder

A

mechanical production fo the sounds (motoric production), can be learned, could be related to anatomical or structural difference/impairment (like cleft palate)

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10
Q

Phonological disorder

A

related to errors in application of speech sound rules, less likely to occur from anatomical or structural abnormalities

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11
Q

important when studying phonetics

A

listening to the speech patterns of words and sentences to become familiar with the sounds of speech. Think about how words sound, not spelled)

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12
Q

Phonological systems include what?

A

features and phones

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13
Q

Features (in the phonological system)

A

sound could have a stop feature, or velar

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14
Q

Phones (in phonological system)

A

sounds in the language, made up of features

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15
Q

What are phones made up of (in phonological system)?

A

features

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16
Q

Other aspects of phonological systems

A

roles and ways to combine

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17
Q

Example of roles in phonological systems

A

providing lexical contrast

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18
Q

Example of ways to combine in phonological systems

A

creating larger units (syllables, words)

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19
Q

What is contrast used for?

A

creating meaning

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20
Q

Example of contrast to create meaning

A

Pat, Tat. both have 3 phones, but differ in the first phone (minimal pair)

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21
Q

Example of minimal pair

A

Pat, Tat. Important when treating phonological pairs

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22
Q

Phonological elements interact according to what?

A

patterns (processes)

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23
Q

Phonological elements are produced with what?

A

varying frequencies and rates (e.g., prosody)

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24
Q

Prosody

A

how we vary stress, loudness, pitch (angie song)

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25
Q

Prosody is used with what?

A

phonology to communicate

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26
Q

What is the final result of phonological elements coming together?

A

discourse

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27
Q

Phonetic repertoire

A

sounds available to be combines into syllable and word shapes

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28
Q

Sounds (in phonetic repertoire)

A

composed of articulatory gestures

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29
Q

Phonetic repertoire is dependent on what?

A

the person’s motor capacities, understanding

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30
Q

Summary of phonetic repertoire

A

everyone has a set of sounds they produce

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31
Q

Summary of phonemic repertoire

A

what they do with the sounds phonetically

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32
Q

Phonemic repertoire is dependent on what?

A

speech perception (bottoming-up processing) and linguistic understanding (top-down processing)

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33
Q

Phonemic repertoire

A

how do the sounds contrast to yield distinctive words, what is each sounds role in language?

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34
Q

Phonotactic repertoire

A

how the sounds in this combine to make structures

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35
Q

Aspects of phonotactic repertoire

A

what syllable + word shapes are available for use? How can the elements be combines into larger units?

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36
Q

Phonological patterns

A

How the syllable, words, phrase shapes interact with the sounds + contrast to yield the final production of the utterance

37
Q

Suprasegmental patterns (prosody)

A

the melody of language (what are the rhythms and melodies of the language?)

38
Q

Subcomponents considered in intervention in child prosody

A

articulation impairment, phonological impairment, hard to differentiate

39
Q

Phonetic alphabet

A

1-to-1 correspondence between a sound and the alphabetic letter (think in terms of sounds not letters)

40
Q

IPA (international phonemic alphabet)

A

unique alphabet designed to represent the sounds of words of a language, not the spelling of words

41
Q

Without IPA

A

would be impossible to capture on paper an accurate representation of the speech sound disorders of individuals seeking professional help

42
Q

Graphemes

A

letters in a words that are not pronounced (cologne, psychology)

43
Q

Aspects of the word cologne, psychology, and tomb

A

has 7 graphemes, but only 5 speech sounds
has 10 graphemes and 8 speech sounds
had 4 graphemes and 3 phonemes

44
Q

The word lazy

A

has 4 speech sounds

45
Q

The word smooth

A

has 4 speech sounds

46
Q

Allographs

A

same sound represented by different letters (even if the spelling is different, the sound is the same)

47
Q

Important characteristic of allographs

A

even if the spelling is different, the sound is the same
“lOOP” “thrOUgh” “canOE”
“Jam” “exaGGerate” “Gem”
“SHoe” “Sean” “preCIous”

48
Q

Morpheme

A

smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning

49
Q

Example of morpheme

A

“book” - 1 morpheme, books - 2 morphemes (book + plural)

“walk” - 1 morpheme, walking - 2 morphemes

50
Q

Note on morphemes

A

syllables and morphemes are not the same thing
“celery” - 1 morpheme, 3 syllables
“books” - 2 morphemes, 1 syllable

51
Q

Free morphemes

A

stand alone and carry meaning by itself (“book”)

52
Q

Bound morphemes

A

do not carry meaning on their own and must be bound to a word (“books”, -s can not stand on its own), (“musician”, -ian can not stand on its own)

53
Q

Phoneme

A

an individual speech sound that is capable of differentiating meaning

54
Q

Morpheme is made up of what?

A

individual phonemes

55
Q

A change in a single phoneme can do what?

A

change the meaning of the morpheme

/b/ in “book” changes to /l/ becomes “look”

56
Q

Minimal pairs

A

words that differ by only a single phoneme in the same word position (or minimal contracts)

57
Q

Example of minimal pairs

A

“book” to “look”
“clip” to “click”
“hear” to “beer”
“through” to “crew”

58
Q

Blog/blot

A

this is a minimal pair because the final phoneme is all that changes, which changes the meaning

59
Q

Rinse/sins

A

not a minimal pair because there are 2 phonemes that are changes (the initial sound and the final phoneme)
the insides stays the same (In), but the end changes because they make different sounds

60
Q

bird/burned

A

not a minimal pair because a phoneme has to be added (a phoneme wasn’t changes, one was added)

61
Q

twitch/switch

A

minimal pair… 1 phoneme has been changes, t becomes s

62
Q

Allophones

A

different production but same sound
phonemes can be considered a family of sounds
speech sounds are not always produces the same way in every word
/l/ in “bottle” compared to /l/ in “lips”

63
Q

Phoneme families

A

are variant pronunciations of a particular phoneme
“little”
first /l/ is light, second /l/ is dark

64
Q

Phoneme families with the lord “little”

A

changing the way /l/ is produces in each place does not changes the meaning of the word and does not produce minimal pair

65
Q

phonetic context

A

places constraints on phonemic production

/k/ is produced more forward in the mouth in the word “kid” than it is int he word “could”

66
Q

Example of phonetic context

A

/k/ is produced more forward in the mouth in the word “kid” than it is int he word “could”
(places constraints on phonemic production)

67
Q

Aspects of a syllable

A

come suggest it is the smallest unit of speech production

68
Q

Syllable

A

a basic building block of language that may be composed of vowel alone or vowel in combination with one or more consonants - based on phonetic characteristics, not graphemes (what’s written)

69
Q

We can divide syllables into

A

onset and offset

70
Q

Onset

A

all consonants that precede the vowel

“SPLit” “TRied” “Fast”

71
Q

Rhyme

A

includes the nucleus and the coda

72
Q

Nucleus

A

typically a vowel, some consonants can serve as a nucleus

“splIt” “trIEd” “fAst” “chAsM” (syllabic consonant)

73
Q

Coda

A

Consonant or consonants that follow the nucleus of the syllable
“spliT” “trieD” “faST”

74
Q

Open syllables

A

syllables that end with a vowel phoneme (no coda)

75
Q

Closed syllables

A

syllables with a coda

76
Q

Examine syllables in “around”

A

2 syllables - 1st syllable (a)
have a coda? no, so this is open syllable
2nd syllable (round) - has coda = closed syllable

77
Q

Syllabic consonants

A

when consonants take on the role of vowels

78
Q

Dipthong

A

individual phoneme with two vowels

“rose” “bake” “boy” “tie”

79
Q

Why are there no English words that are comprised of only a consonant?

A

all syllables in English must have a vowel or dipthong nucleus

80
Q

Primary word stress

A

multisyllabic words are produces with at least one syllable holding the greatest energy

81
Q

Primary word stress is made up of

A

word stress and lexical stress

82
Q

Word stress helps with what?

A

differentiate words spelled the same but are of different word classes (like a noun and verb”
Changes in stress patterns also change word pronunciation
Example: Project (both noun and verb), rebel (noun and verb)

83
Q

Aspect of word stress

A

often when you have a word that is spelled the same and only differentiated by stress - like if it were on the 1st or 2nd syllable - that will typically mean you’re differentiating between what’s a noun and a verb

84
Q

Broad transcription/phonemic transcription

A

transcription of speech without marking allophonic variation

“ball”

85
Q

Narrow transcription/allophonic transcription

A

transcription that uses diacritics to mark the variation in phoneme production

86
Q

Systematic transcription

A

transcription of speech with full knowledge of the speech sound system before hand
may be narrow or broad

87
Q

Impressionistic transcription

A

transcription of speech when little is known about the speech sound system
uses narrow transcription because you want to mark down every detail

88
Q

suprasegmental symbols

A

used to indicate stress, intonation pattern, and tempo of any particular utterance in language

Phonetics (1 decks)

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