chapter 2: kinetic particle theory

Question 1

what is the kinetic particle theory?

Answer 1

• states that all matter is made up of tiny particles and these particles are in constant random motion

Question 2

SOLID
- particle arrangement
- particle movement
- attractive forces between particles
- kinetic energy of particles
- shape (definite/indefinite)
- volume (definite/indefinite)
- compressibility (yes/no)

Answer 2

• very closely packed in an orderly manner
• vibrate and rotate about fixed positions
• very strong
• very low
• definite
• definite
• no

Question 3

LIQUID
- particle arrangement
- particle movement
- attractive forces between particles
- kinetic energy of particles
- shape (definite/indefinite)
- volume (definite/indefinite)
- compressibility (yes/no)

Answer 3

• closely packed in a disorderly manner
• slide past one another freely throughout the liquid
• less strong
• low
• indefinite
• definite
• no

Question 4

GAS
- particle arrangement
- particle movement
- attractive forces between particles (strong/weak)
- kinetic energy of particles (high/low)
- shape (definite/indefinite)
- volume (definite/indefinite)
- compressibility (yes/no)

Answer 4

• very far apart in a disorderly manner
• move quickly and randomly in any direction
• very weak
• high
• indefinite
• indefinite
• yes

Question 5

(what energy) converts to (what energy)?

what happens when you heat a solid?

Answer 5

• thermal energy is converted to kinetic energy of the particles
• the increase in kinetic energy is observed as a wise in temperature of the solid

Question 5

(what energy) converts to (what energy)?

what happens when you cool a solid?

Answer 5

kinetic energy of the particles is converted to thermal energy and transferred to the surroundings
- the decrease in kinetic energy is observed as a drop in temperature of the solid

Question 6

why are there small gaps left between the railway track segments?

Answer 6

• the gaps allow for the tracks to expand on a hot day, preventing the tracks from expanding sideways, causing them to derail
• when the tracks are cooled down, they will contract

Question 7

when does evaporation occur? how does it get evaporated?

what happens during evaporation?

Answer 7

• evaporation can occur at any temperature
• at the surface of a liquid, some particles have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction “escape” as a vapour

Question 8

when does boiling occur? how does it boil?

what happens during boiling?

Answer 8

• boiling only occurs at the boiling point of the substance
• throughout the liquid, the particles change from a liquid to gas, forming bubbles
• the temperature remains constant until all the liquid has boiled off

Question 9

what state does it convert to?

what happens during sublimation?

Answer 9

• the substance will change directly from a solid to a gas
• the temperature remains constant until all the solid has sublimed.

Question 10

dry ice example

an example of sublimation

Answer 10

• dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) is commonly used
  to keep frozen foods cool during transport

Question 11

what state does it convert to?

what is vapour disposition?

Answer 11

• some of these substances can change directly from a gas to a solid
• the temperature remains constant until all the gas has become a solid

Question 12

an example of vapour disposition

Answer 12

iodine vapour forms crystals when it comes into contact with a cold glass surface