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Social Studies > Chapter 2 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Central Powers (4)

A

German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria

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2
Q

Allies (5) (+2)

A

Countries against Germany during WWII:

  • Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand
  • After 1941: U.S. and U.S.S.R.
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3
Q

Belgian neutrality and Germany

-What happened bro?

A
  • Great Powers promised to remain neutral with Belgium
    • Germany’s Schlieffen Plan: drive through Belgium to capture Paris, Triple Entente promised to protect France, and also not attack Belgium
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4
Q

Women and the war effort

-What did they get from this?

A

Women believed their contributions to the war effort should allow them to make decisions.
Women later received the right to vote

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5
Q

Sam Hughes

  • What position?
  • In charge of what?
A
  • Minister of Militia
  • In charge of Canada’s armament (military weapons and equipment) industry
  • Poor administrator: Ministry of Militia was inefficient
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6
Q

Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF)

A
  • Army of volunteers, basic training in Camp Valcartier in Quebec for 4 months, supported by Sam Hughes
  • British expected CEF to be integrated into British units but instead, they fought independently (separate unit)
    • Grew national identity and autonomy
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7
Q

Ross Rifle

A
  • Shitty Canadian-made rifle provided by Hughes: always jammed
    • Picked up Lee-Enfield rifles from dead soldiers instead
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8
Q

Internment Camp

A

Government-run camp detaining people who’re considered a threat
-In 1914, over 8500 recent German and Autro-Hungarians were held in isolation

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9
Q

Trench warfare

A
  • Cold and damp in winter, flooded in heavy rains of France and Belgium
    • Cesspools overrun by rats
  • Disease spread, lice, trench foot
  • Wounded would die on no man’s land because rescue was too dangerous
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10
Q 
Nellie McClung (Suffragist)
-Part of the... \_\_\_\_\_\_
A

-Suffragist: campaigned for women’s rights
-Part of Famous Five (Alberta women who fought for the political status of women)
-

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11
Q

British Declaration of War

A

Declares war on Germany to protect ally (France), leading to Canada into war as they are in the British Empire

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12
Q

French Canadian attitude to WWI

A

Had little appeal to fighting WW1 as they did not feel patriotism towards Britain as they were French

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13
Q

Women’s Suffrage

A

Women at home front believed their contribution to war effort should allow them to decide how the country would run
-Women received the right to vote (except for Aboriginal and immigrant)

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14
Q

Long range artillery

A
  • Machine guns
  • Planes equipped with machine guns and bombs
  • 60-pounder gun was powerful and accurate (was heavy, commonly sunk into ground)
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15
Q

Tank

A

Sheltered soldiers from gunfire, crossing no man’s land, and drove through barbed wires that lined trenches.

  • Solved trench warfare
  • First used in Battle of the Somme to break German Lines
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16
Q

U-Boat

A

German submarine (Unterseeboot, under-sea-boat)

  • Armed with torpedoes that sank large ships
  • Attacked convoys of merchant ships and freighters carrying supplies to Britain
  • Eventually captured by British
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17
Q

Gas Warfare

A

Germany first to use poison gas on battlefield

  • Released clouds of chlorine gas at Ypres 1915
  • Gas blinded and attacked respiratory system
  • Defence: rags soaked in water/urine, anti-gas respirators/gas masks made poison gas less effective
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18
Q

Attrition

A

War of Attrition: military strategy based on exhausting enemy manpower and resources by heavy sacrifices.

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19
Q

Trench Foot

A

Turned feet swollen and black

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20
Q

Second Battle of Ypres (Belgium) 1915

A
  • French and Canadians blinded, burned, or killed by German chlorine gas
  • Battle lasted a month but neither side gained much advantage
  • John McCrae wrote “In Flanders Fields” to commemorate Canadians serving in this battle
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21
Q

First Battle of the Somme (1916)

A
  • Allies massive attack on German trenches near Somme River, France
  • Failed attack: Allies shells did not destroy German defenses or barbed wire around trenches, marched on open fields and were shot down, heavy losses on first day (58,000 British)
  • 5 Month Battle
  • Captured only 13km land
  • 1.25 million casualties, 24,000 Canadians, Royal Newfoundland Regiment lost 90% of men, all wounded/killed/badly shaken by slaughter
  • Canadian troops distinguished themselves during battle and brought to lead assaults in major battles over course of WWI
22
Q

Vimy Ridge (1914)

A
  • German took control in 1914 (key position near Somme) as it contained a clear view of surroundings
  • For two years, French and British forces tried to capture ridge but were unsuccessful
  • Canadian troops lead new assault in 1916
    • Was carefully planned
  • Canadian Corps captured Hill 145 and took “the pimple” - last German position
  • Losses significantly lower, Byng’s meticulous planning and training, Canadian professionalism and bravery paid off
  • Marked first time Canadian divisions attacked together, brought national pride and reputation of being an elite fighting force
23
Q

Passchendaele

A

Currie and CEF asked to break through German lines in Passchendaele in Belgium

  • Earlier assault by Haig left massive shell craters which left muddy bogs
  • Currie warned heavy casualties by Haig overruled him, causing 200,000 casualties
  • Canadians captured victory, Allies only gained 7-8km, Germans soon recaptured town
24
Q

100 days (Hundred Days Campaign)

A

Series of attacks by Allies

  • Canada’s offensive were most successful and were led by General Currie
    • Broke through German lines and won battles at Arras, Cambrai, and Valenciennes
25
Q

Royal Newfoundland Regiment

A

(RNFLDR) - unit of Canadian army

26
Q

“Bluebirds”

A

20 Australian civilian nurses and masseuse volunteered for service in France during WWI
-Nickname referred to colours of specially-designed uniforms

27
Q

John McCrae

A

Lieutenant Colonel that wrote “In Flanders Fields”

28
Q

Billy Bishop

A

Was a Canadian top ace (fighter pilot)

  • Shot down 72 planes (second highest number of kills)
  • First Canadian pilot awarded Victoria Cross (prestigious medal for bravery in Britain)
  • His success led to his touring and promotion of war effort and selling of Victory Bonds
29
Q

Arthur Currie (Senior Officer/Realtor)

A
  • First Canadian appointed to command Canada’s troops

- Brought independence

30
Q

Ace

A

Fighter Pilot that shot down five or more enemy aircraft

31
Q

John McCrae (Lieutenant Colonel)

A

Lieutenant Colonel that wrote “In Flanders Fields”

32
Q

Billy Bishop (Ace)

A

Was a Canadian top ace (fighter pilot)

  • Shot down 72 planes (second highest number of kills)
  • First Canadian pilot awarded Victoria Cross (prestigious medal for bravery in Britain)
  • His success led to his touring and promotion of war effort and selling of Victory Bonds
33
Q

Mont Blanc

A

French vessel carrying more than 2500 tonnes of explosives that accidentally hit another ship, causing a powerful explosion devastating Halifax;s harbour, leveled much of city, killed 2000 people, injured 9000, and thousands left homeless

34
Q

Halifax Explosion

A

A powerful explosion caused by the Mont Blanc crashing into another ship, devastating Halifax;s harbour, leveled much of city, killed 2000 people, injured 9000, and thousands left homeless

35
Q

Conscription Crisis

A
  • Forced enlistment in armed forces of all fit men of certain ages
  • Borden had to introduce the Military Service Act that would make enlistment compulsory due to the need in men for war
  • Was controversial and emotional issue that divided country
36
Q

Henri Bourassa

A
  • Nationalist
  • Believed that Canada had lost enough men and money to war
  • Fought for Canada’s economy and political independence
  • Also believed conscription would divide nation between Francophones (French-speaking) and Anglophones ( English-speaking) - he was right
37
Q

Henri Bourassa (Nationalist)

A
  • Believed that Canada had lost enough men and money to war
  • Fought for Canada’s economy and political independence
  • Also believed conscription would divide nation between Francophones (French-speaking) and Anglophones ( English-speaking) - he was right
38
Q

Wilfrid Laurier

-Leader of the?

A

Liberal leader, French-Canadian

  • Joined English Canadians in supporting British Empire
  • Did not believe in conscription, didn’t join hands with PM Borden to form union between two parties
39
Q

Robert Borden (Prime Minister, Teacher, Lawyer)

A
  • War of Measures Act (1914, WWI)
  • Income tax -temporary measure
  • Conscription, passed Military Service Act
  • Won khaki election by passing Military Voters Act and Wartime Elections Act
  • Sent federal troops to break up Winnipeg General Strike (1919)
  • Won Canada’s place in League of Nations
  • Led Canadian delegation at Paris Peace Conference in 1919
  • Fought for Canada to sign the Treaty of Versailles
40
Q

Khaki Election (1917)

A

Name of 1917 federal election because of Borden’s efforts to win military vote

  • Military Voters Act : men and women overseas could vote
  • Wartime Elections Act: All Canadian women related to servicemen could vote (Rejected conscientious objectors and immigrants from enemy country of 15 years)
  • Union Government:coalition of Conservatives and some Liberals
41
Q

Aboriginal enlistment

A

Canadian forces did not accept them but took volunteers. Very few were promoted.

42
Q

Merchant Marine

A

Civilian ships and sailors that transported food, weapons, and munitions
-Many lost lives because they were attacked while crossing the Atlantic

43
Q

Income Tax

A
  • Tax on personal income (1-15%)

- Supposed to be temporary

44
Q

Military Voters’ Act

A

Allowed men and women serving overseas to vote

45
Q

Wartime Elections’

A
  • Allowed women related to servicemen to vote

- Cancelled vote for conscientious objectors and immigrants from enemy countries

46
Q

Union Government

A

Coalition government formed by Conservatives and some Liberals that governed Canada from 1917-1920

47
Q

The Armistice November 11, 1918

A

Agreement by warring parties to end hostilities - truce to end war signed in France at 5:00 a.m. on Nov 11, 1918

48
Q

Paris Peace Talks

A

Lasted for 6 months and resulted in treaties that defined new borders and compensation for losses suffered during war.

  • more than 30 countries attended
  • Germany and allies not allowed to participate
  • Russia not invited because they already negotiated the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in 1918
49
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

Document that laid terms of peace between Germany and the Allies
-Supposed to emphasize forgiveness and future international cooperation but others wanted Germany to pay for damage
Terms in agreement:
-Germany agree to War Guilt Clause- accept sole responsibility for causing war
-Germany territory reduced
-Germany pay war reparations ($30 billion)
-Germany army restricted to 100,000 men, surrender navy, merchant fleet, no air force
-Austria and Germany forbidden to unite

50
Q

War guilt clause

A

the article in the Treaty of Versailles that made Germany responsible for starting WWI

Social Studies (8 decks)

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