Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CLINMICRO_INTRODUCTION (STRASINGER) > CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO URINALYSIS > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION TO URINALYSIS Flashcards

1
Q

He wrote the book on “uroscopy” in the 5th century BCE

A

Hippocrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

He discovered protein in urine by boiling urine (1694)

A

Frederick Dekkers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Term used to pertain to charlatans without medical credentials who offer predictions to the public in exchange for a healthy fee who became the subject of a book published by Thomas Bryant in 1627

A

Pisse prophets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

He developed methods for quantitating microscopic sediments.

A

Thomas Addis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

He introduced the concept of urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination in 1827.

A

Richard Bright

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

The kidneys continuously form urine as an ultrafiltrate of plasma.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Average daily urine output

A

1200 mL – 1500 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Primary organic component of urine

A

Urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Urine is normally composed of __% water and __% solutes.

A

95%; 5%

Note:
Concentrations may vary depending on dietary intake, physical activity, body metabolism, and endocrine functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

This substance is a product of protein and amino acid metabolism

A

Urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Urea comprises majority (near half) of total dissolved solids in urine.

A

TRUE

Note:
Urea is the primary organic component of urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Aside from urea, what other primary organic substance/s is/are present in urine?

A

Creatinine
Uric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Major inorganic component of urine

A

Chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

This is a product of creatine metabolism by muscles.

A

Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

This substance is a product of nucleic acid breakdown in food and cells.

A

Uric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Aside from chloride, what are other primary inorganic components found in urine?

A

Sodium
Potassium

Note:
Chloride > Sodium > Potassium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

This inorganic component combines with sodium to buffer the blood

A

Phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

This inorganic component regulates blood and tissue fluid acidity

A

Ammonium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

This is used to determine whether a particular fluid is urine.

A

Testing urea and creatinine content.

Note:
Since urea and creatinine are present in high concentrations in urine as compared to other body fluids, these two substances may help identify fluid as urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Inorganic components present in urine

A

Chloride
Sodium
Potassium
Phosphate
Ammonium
Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Normal daily urine output (range)

A

600 – 2000 mL

Average: 1200 – 1500 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

This term is used to describe a decrease in urine output

A

Oliguria

Note:
Infants: <1 mL/kg/hr
Children: <0.5 mL/kg/hr
Adults: <400 mL/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

This term is used to describe cessation of urine flow

A

Anuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

An increase in excretion of urine at night

A

Nocturia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

This term is used to describe an increase in daily urine volume

A

Polyuria

Note:
Children: 2.5-3 mL/kg/day
Adults: >2.5 L/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Polyuria may be encountered in both diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.

A

TRUE

While polyuria may be encountered in both diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus, the two may differ in terms of specific gravity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

This condition is caused by a defect either in the pancreatic production of insulin or in the function of insulin leading to increased glucose.

A

Diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A patient with diabetes mellitus has a urine with (increased/decreased) specific gravity.

A

Increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

This condition results from a decrease in production or function of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

A

Diabetes insipidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

Urine is considered a biohazardous substance.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which of the following is NOT recommended for containers for urine collection?

A. Screw-top lids
B. Flat bottom
C. Has wide mouth
D. Snap-on lids

A

D. Snap-on lids

NOTE:
Snap-on lids are prone to leakage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The recommended capacity of a urine container.

A

50 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Sterile containers are suggested if more than ______ hour/s elapse between specimen collection and analysis.

A

2 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Generally, when attaching labels to specimens, labels must be on the (container/lid).

A

Container

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

This is a document that must accompany the specimens delivered to the laboratory for confirmation. It must match the information attached on the specimen label.

A

Requisition form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

REJECT OR ACCEPT SPECIMEN?

Specimens in unlabeled containers

A

REJECT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

REJECT OR ACCEPT SPECIMEN?

Specimens in dry and clean containers

A

ACCEPT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

REJECT OR ACCEPT SPECIMEN?

Specimens contaminated with toilet paper

A

REJECT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

REJECT OR ACCEPT SPECIMEN?

Labels on specimens matched the information on the accompanying requisition form

A

ACCEPT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

REJECT OR ACCEPT SPECIMEN?

Specimens of insufficient quantity

A

REJECT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

REJECT OR ACCEPT SPECIMEN?

Specimens that have been improperly transported but came from a long way

42
Q

REJECT OR ACCEPT SPECIMEN?

Specimens with contaminated exteriors

43
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

There is only one and a standard protocol that must be followed by all laboratories in terms of specimen rejection.

A

FALSE

Note: Laboratories may have their own conditions for specimen rejection provided it is included in their own written policy.

44
Q

Following collection, urine specimen should be delivered to the laboratory promptly and tested within _____ hour/s.

45
Q

Identify whether the following are INCREASED or DECREASED in unpreserved urine:

Clarity

A

DECREASED

Note:
Due to bacterial growth and precipitation of amorphous material

46
Q

Identify whether the following analytes are INCREASED or DECREASED in unpreserved urine:

Odor

A

INCREASED

Note:
Due to bacterial multiplication causing breakdown of urea to ammonia

47
Q

Identify where the following analytes are INCREASED or DECREASED in unpreserved urine:

pH

A

INCREASED

Note:
Breakdown of urea to ammonia by urease-producing bacteria/loss
of CO2

48
Q

Identify whether the following analytes are INCREASED or DECREASED in unpreserved urine:

Glucose

A

DECREASED

Note:
Glycolysis and bacterial use

49
Q

Identify whether the following analytes are INCREASED or DECREASED in unpreserved urine:

Ketones

A

DECREASED

Note:
Volatilization and bacterial metabolism

50
Q

Identify whether the following analytes are INCREASED or DECREASED in unpreserved urine:

Bilirubin

A

DECREASED

Note:
Exposure to light/photo oxidation to biliverdin

51
Q

Identify whether the following analytes are INCREASED or DECREASED in unpreserved urine:

Urobilinogen

A

DECREASED

Note:
Oxidation to urobilin

52
Q

Identify whether the following analytes are INCREASED or DECREASED in unpreserved urine:

Nitrite

A

INCREASED

Note:
Multiplication of nitrate-reducing bacteria

53
Q

Identify whether the following analytes are INCREASED or DECREASED in unpreserved urine:

Red and white blood cells and casts

A

DECREASED

Note:
Disintegration in dilute alkaline urine

54
Q

Identify where the following analytes are INCREASED or DECREASED in unpreserved urine:

Bacteria

A

INCREASED

Note:
Multiplication

55
Q

Identify where the following analytes are INCREASED or DECREASED in unpreserved urine:

Trichomonas

A

DECREASED

Note:
Loss of motility, death

56
Q

Identify where the following analytes are INCREASED or DECREASED in unpreserved urine:

Color

A

INCREASED (DARKENED)

Note:
Oxidation or reduction of metabolites

57
Q

The most routinely used method of preservation is refrigeration at what temperature?

A

2°C to 8°C

Note:
This decreases bacterial growth and metabolism

58
Q

TRUE or FALSE.

If the urine is to be cultured, it should be refrigerated during transit and kept refrigerated until cultured up to 24 hours.

59
Q

TRUE or FALSE.

Urine samples which are preserved via refrigeration may immediately be chemically tested (use of reagent strips).

A

FALSE

Note: The specimen must first return to room temperature before chemical testing by reagent strips because enzyme reactions on the strips perform best at RT.

60
Q

Identify the URINE PRESERVATIVE described:

This does not interfere with chemical tests but precipitates amorphous phosphates and urates.

This prevents bacterial growth for 24 hours.

A

Refrigeration

61
Q

Identify the URINE PRESERVATIVE described:

This prevents bacterial growth and metabolism but interferes with drug and hormone analyses.

This keeps pH at about 6.0 and can be used for urine culture transport.

A

Boric acid

62
Q

Identify the URINE PRESERVATIVE described:

This is an excellent sediment preservative but acts as a reducing agent and therefore interferes with chemical tests for glucose blood, leukocyte esterase, and copper reduction

A

Formalin (Formaldehyde)

63
Q

Identify the URINE PRESERVATIVE described:

This is a good preservative for drug analyses but it can inhibit reagent strip tests for glucose, blood, and leucocytes

A

Sodium fluoride

64
Q

Identify the URINE PRESERVATIVE described:

This is convenient when refrigeration is not possible. It also has controlled concentration to minimize interference.

A

Commercial preservative tablets

65
Q

Identify the URINE PRESERVATIVE described:

Contains collection cup, transfer straw, culture and sensitivity (C&S) preservative tube, or UA tube

A

Urine Collection Kits (Becton, Dickinson, Rutherford, NJ)

66
Q

Identify the URINE PRESERVATIVE described:

Sample stable at room temperature (RT) for 48 hours; prevents bacterial growth and metabolism; keeps pH at 6.0

This is not recommended if urine is below minimum fill line.

A

Light gray and gray C&S tube

67
Q

What are the preservatives present in the light gray and gray C&S tube?

A

Boric acid
Sodium borate
Sodium formate

68
Q

Identify the URINE PRESERVATIVE described:

This can be used on automated instruments, require refrigeration within 2 hours, has round or conical bottom, and has no preservatives

A

Yellow UA Plus tube

69
Q

Identify the URINE PRESERVATIVE described:

Stable for 72 hours at RT; instrument-compatible.

Urine must reach minimum fill line; preservatives include sodium propionate, ethyl paraben, and chlorhexidine

A

Cherry red/yellow Preservative Plus tube

70
Q

Preservatives included in a Cherry red/yellow Preservative Plus tube

A

Sodium propionate
Ethyl paraben
Chlorhexidine

71
Q

The most commonly received type of urine specimen because of its ease of collection and convenience for the patient.

A

Random Specimen

72
Q

The ideal type of urine specimen for screening.

A

First Morning Specimen

73
Q

This type of urine specimen is highly concentrated, thereby assuring detection of chemicals and formed elements that may not be present in a dilute random specimen.

A

First Morning Specimen

74
Q

Type of urine specimen used for quantitative tests

A

24-hour (Timed) Specimen

75
Q

TRUE or FALSE.

In collecting accurate timed specimen, the patient must begin and end the collection period with an empty bladder.

76
Q

In collection of timed specimens, why must be the first collected urine voided?

A

Addition of urine formed before the start of collection period will falsely elevate results.

77
Q

This type of urine specimen is collected under sterile conditions by passing a hollow tube (catheter) through the urethra into the bladder.

A

Catheterized specimen

78
Q

This is considered an alternative to catheterized specimen and provides a safer, less traumatic method for obtaining urine for bacterial culture and urine analysis.

A

Midstream Clean-Catch

79
Q

This type of urine specimen is collected by external introduction of a needle through the abdomen into the bladder.

A

Suprapubic Aspiration

80
Q

Urine specimen that is easiest to collect and is used for routine screening.

A

Random Specimen

81
Q

Urine specimen used for routine screening, pregnancy tests, and for evaluation of orthostatic proteinuria

A

First morning specimen

82
Q

Type of urine specimen/s that may be used for bacterial culture

A

Catheterized
Midstream clean-catch
Suprapubic aspiration

83
Q

Type of urine specimen which may be used for cytologic examination

A

Suprapubic aspiration

84
Q

Type of urine specimen collected to determine presence of prostatic infection

A

Three-glass collection

85
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Similar to the midstream clean-catch specimen, the first urine passed is also discarded in three glass collection.

A

FALSE.

The first urine passed is collected in a sterile container and is examined microscopically.

86
Q

In three glass collection, what is the use of the second container?

A

This contains the midstream portion and is used as control for bladder and kidney infection.

Note:
If this turns out to be positive, the results from the third specimen are invalid because infected urine has contaminated the specimen.

87
Q

In three-glass collection, if the third specimen has white blood cell/high power field count and a bacterial count _____ times that of the first specimen, prostatic infection is diagnosed.

88
Q

The Stamey-Mears Test for Prostatitis involves the four-glass method. What are collected in each of the four containers?

A

1: Initial voided urine
2: Midstream urine
3: Expressed prostatic secretions (EPS)
4: post-prostatic massage urine specimen

89
Q

In testing for prostatitis via four-glass method, which part/container tests urethral infection or inflammation.

A

First container (Initial voided urine)

90
Q

In testing for prostatitis via four-glass method, which part/container tests for urinary bladder infection

A

Second container (Midstream)

91
Q

In Stamey-Mears test for prostatitis, how many white blood cells per high-power field present in cultured prostatic secretions are considered abnormal?

92
Q

This is used for collection of pediatric urine specimens.

A

Soft, clear plastic bags (hypoallergenic)/Wee bags

93
Q

In collecting pediatric urine specimens, applied bags must be checked every ______ minutes until the needed amount of sample has been collected.

A

15 minutes

94
Q

This is the most vulnerable part of drug testing program

A

Urine specimen collection

Note:
This requires correct collection procedures and documentations

95
Q

The process that provides this documentation of proper sample identification from the time of collection to the receipt of laboratory results.

A

Chain of Custody (COC)

96
Q

A standardized form that must document and accompany every step of drug testing, from collector to courier to laboratory to medical review officer to employer

A

Chain of Custody (COC)

97
Q

TRUE or FALSE.

In drug testing, urine specimen collections may be “witnessed” or “unwitnessed.”

98
Q

In urine collection for drug testing, the urine temperature must be taken within _____ minutes from the time of collection.

99
Q

In urine collection for drug testing, the specimen temperature must be within the range of ____________.

A

32.5°C to 37.7°C

100
Q

Identify whether the Timed Specimen Collection is CORRECT or INCORRECT:

Day 1: At 9 AM, the patient voids and discards this specimen; collects all urine for the next 24 hours.

Day 2: At 9 AM, the patient voids and adds this specimen to the previously collected urine.

CLINMICRO_INTRODUCTION (STRASINGER) (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions