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Male And Female Communication > Chapter 2- Influences On Our Choices > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Influences On Our Choices Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major influences on our body development?

A

Biology
Society
Culture

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2
Q

Fundamentals of identities

A

No two identities are the same

Identities aren’t fixed

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3
Q

The three aspects of communication that shape identity

A

Social groups (friends)

Thro communication

Learn multiple roles as part of identity

Identity=bridge between interior and exterior

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4
Q

Avowal vs ascription

A

Avowal- identity you portray to others

Ascription- others attribute characteristics back to you

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5
Q

Interior vs exterior

A

Interior-Attitudes, values, and beliefs

Exterior- experiences with other people and the environment they operate

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6
Q

Are the ideas of feminist and masculinity socially constructed? How?

A

YES
Men and women used to farm together= less distinction

But when men started working =women seen as less

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7
Q

Define stereotype

A

To presume that someone is like members of a particular group rather than an individual

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8
Q

What are the four things that convey masculinity in our society?

A

Displaying success or high status in ones social group

Exhibiting a manly air of toughness, confidence, and self reliance

Demonstrating aggression, violence, and daring

Avoiding anything associated with femininity

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9
Q

What is one way masculinity differs from femininity?

A

In Masculinity guys feel like they need to reach it “Be a man!”

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10
Q

How has sports helped the idea of femininity

A

Women in sports= increase success later on

Work in teams, communicate, self discipline

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11
Q

What is one significant factor in the evolution of femininity?

A

Women who participate in sports

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12
Q

Define identity

A

Sum total of answers to the question “who am I?”

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13
Q

Define sex identity

A

Subsequent of gender identity; identity related to biological properties of being female or male

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14
Q

Define gender identity

A

The view of selfbin terms of sexuality or orientation, how one relates to culturally defined notions of masculinity and femininity, and ones views about appropriate roles for men and women in society

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15
Q

What sex differences do male and females have

A
  • ability to produce egg or sperm or lactate
  • reproductive roles(how much hair one produces, ones muscle mass, females degree of nonverbal sensitivity and males navigation)
  • social behaviors that are learned, culturally based, or situationally produced
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16
Q

Out of the three social interpretations of biological sex on identity, which one is most difficult to change?

A

Ability to produce eggs or sperm

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17
Q

Out of the three social interpretations of biological sex on identity, which one is the easiest to change?

A

Social behaviors

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18
Q

Define the gender similarities hypothesis

A

Women and men are more alike than they are different

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19
Q

Is the gender similarities hypothesis saying that women and men have the same psychological dimension?

A

Naw

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20
Q

What are some psychological differences in males and females?

A

Smiling, emotional expressiveness, sensitivity to nonverbal cues, and attitudes about casual sex

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21
Q

Anatomical differences of males and females

A

Sexual organs

Reproductive functions

Measure of strength

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22
Q

Interpretation of sexual organs

A

Penis- outward=strength

Women- inward- submissive

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23
Q

Social interpretations of reproductive functions

A

Hunter and gatherers
Women- give birth, and developed tools to gather and carry food

Men- hunt, protect

=now men and women- different alternating roles

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24
Q

Why do people think men are stronger than women

A

A greater oxygen carrying capacity

A lower resting heart rate

Higher blood pressure

More efficient methods of recovering from physical exertion

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25
Q

Memorize the bottom of pg 51 and 52

A

DO IT

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26
Q

However, what is the counter argument to the idea of “strength” that shows differences between males and females (6 things)

A

Male fetuses=birth defect bc longer delivery time

Men= higher death rates than women

Women outlive men by 5 yrs

Men are more susceptible to disease and don’t believe it

Men=more reckless than women

Women= surpassing men in endurance

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27
Q

Does the notion of male strength have to do with social interpretations rather than biological fact?

A

No if strength= higher muscle mass

Yes if strength= vulnerability and endurance

28
Q

What do hormones mostly effect (key elements)?

A

Nurturance

Aggression

Cycles

29
Q

Define nurturance

A

Giving aid and comfort to others

30
Q

What is the drug androgen and what did it do?

A

Male hormone exposed to young children prenatally

In younger girls, they less fanticised about marriages and kids, and valued career filled futures

31
Q

If someone is put into a nurturing role, can they be nurturing?

A

Yes

32
Q

Is testosterone related to male aggression?

A

No one knows- researchers tried to do studies on it but produced contrary results

33
Q

How are women and men brains different?

A

Brain functioning

Cognitive ability

34
Q

How do woman brains function different than men brains

A

Different areas lit up for gluclose metabolism counts, cerebral blood flow

35
Q

What is the left side of the brain responsible for

A

Language

36
Q

What is the right side of the brain in charge of?

A

Spatial ability

37
Q

How is a female brain wired

A

Empathetically

38
Q

How is a male brain wired?

A

Understanding and building systems

39
Q

What is one thing to remember about male and female studies?

A

NOT ALL WOMEN AND MEN ARE CONFINED TO THEIR STEREOTYPE

40
Q

What are stereotypes surrounding cognitive ability?

A

Women- excel in reading, writing

Men- excel in math or science

41
Q

Define social learning theory

A

Children learn gender- related behavior from their social contacts, primarily their parents and peers

42
Q

Do children model the thoughts, emotions, and actions of others

A

Yes

43
Q

Cognitive development theory

A

As children mature they gain an understanding of gender roles and self identity without external reinforcement

44
Q

What stages do children take to socialize themselves into feminine or masculine identities?

A
  1. ) young children recognize sex distinctions , but cannot attract sex identities to a person
  2. ) hildren learn their sexual identity and how to identify others identity well
  3. ) children learn that there are “ground rules” for sex roles and behavior
  4. ) children separate identities from caregivers
45
Q

Define gender schema theory

A

Once a child learns a cultural definition of gender, this definition becomes the key structure in which all other info is organized

46
Q

Define Gilligans gender identity development theory

A

Female child finds identity with female care giver

Make must separate identity from female care giver

47
Q

What are the three steps of the gender of transcendence theory

A

First two steps- same as kohl berg (sex recognition, identity recognitions)

3rd step- the difficulty because the “rules don’t make sense” can possess both expressive (feminine) and instrumental (masculine) abilities

48
Q

Where does the discussion of transcendence theory begin, where does it go?

A

Begins- childhood development

Goes to - adult development as changing values, social pressures, education, and life events

49
Q

Another way to define gender identity development

A

Theory about how one develops ones gender with regard to feminine traits, masculine traits, or a blend of both

50
Q

Another way to define social learning theory

A

About how children learn gender- related behavior from social contracts primarily parents and peers

51
Q

Another way to define gender schema theory

A

Theory about how children learn appropriate cultural definitions of gender which become key structures around which all other info is organized

52
Q

Another way to define Gilligans gender identity theory

A

Gender identity development tests within the mother child relationship; involves the development of connectedness in girls and autonomy in boys

53
Q

Another way to define gender transcendence

A

Rejection of fem or masc gender identities. Integration of feminine and masculine selves into a self defined gender identity

54
Q

Define androgyny

A

Intermix or blending of feminine and masculine traits

55
Q

Do gender differences in the treatment of female and male children begin before or after birth

A

Before

56
Q

What happens after the birth of a child?

A

The family maintains the major responsibility for socializing

57
Q

What does the child gain in the family?

A

A sense of self

Learns language

And begins to understand norms of interaction with parents, siblings, and significant others

58
Q

What is the primary agent in socialization?

A

The family

59
Q

What are the secondary agents of socialization

A

Clothes and toys

Peers and school

60
Q

How are clothes and toys a secondary agent?

A

Gender neutral- yellow colored clothing

Toys- gi joe, more violent aggressive games and video games
Barbie- expectations for women looks (Barbie dolls 39% skinner than anorexic women)

61
Q

How are peers and school a secondary agent?

A

Children prefer playing with kids the similar age, sex doesn’t matter until they go to school

62
Q

Define culture

A

A learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms that is shared by a group of ppl from one gen to the next

63
Q

What elements does culture include?

A

History, religions, values, social organization, and language

64
Q

How come we cannot biologically define culture

A

Culture has way too much diversity

65
Q

What are the four fundamental dimensions of culture

A

Individualism/collectivism

Power distribution

Uncertainty avoidance

Masculinity/femininity

66
Q

Define intersectionality

A

When different segments of your identity bump up against one another

Male And Female Communication (2 decks)

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