Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY270 > Chapter 2 - How to Study Cognition > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - How to Study Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

algorithm

A

A set of operations that produces the input/output mapping of a function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

behavioral neuroscience

A

A scientific field that assesses behavior and neurological factors in animals as models of human function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

behaviorism

A

A school of psychology that emphasized using observable stimuli and behaviors as the basis of scientific experimentation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

blindsight

A

A phenomenon in which someone who reports blindness due to cortical damage still shows behavior consisting with some perception.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

classical conditioning

A

A learning protocol in which an involuntary behavior is paired with a stimulus, eventually leading to that behavior being elicited by the stimulus alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

A scientific field that merges brain imaging with behavioral experimentation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

cognitive revolution

A

A movement in the 1950’s that proposed that the mind could be understood as a computational system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cognitivism

A

An approach in psychology that uses behavior as a method for developing and testing theories of the underlying processing of the mind.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

computational neuroscience

A

A scientific field that uses computer models of the brain to model real brain function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cortical blindness

A

A condition in which an individual with damage to the visual cortex will report having no visual experience, despite having working eyes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

dualism

A

The view that the mind and body consist of fundamentally different kinds of substances or properties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

function

A

Mappings from inputs to outputs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

human factors

A

A field of applied psychology concerned with the interaction between human perception and the design of systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

idealism

A

The view that the only kind of reality is mental in nature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

independent variable

A

The conditions that are being manipulated by the experimenter in order to determine their effects on the dependent variable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

individual differences

A

Variations in performance across different individuals in cognitive tasks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

information processing

A

An approach to human cognition that views it as a type of computation with sensory information serving as an input which is processed by the brain to determine a behavioral output.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

introspection

A

A technique employed by the structuralists to study the mind by training people to examine their own conscious experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

latent learning

A

Learning in the absence of any reward or punishment conditioning, as in Tolman’s maze experiments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mind-body problem

A

The question of how mental events, such as thoughts, beliefs, and sensations, are related to physical mechanisms taking place in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

monism

A

The view that there is only one kind of basic “substance” in the world, whether exclusively physical or exclusively mental.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

neutral monism

A

The view that the mental and physical are identical and all of reality is made of this one kind of thing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

operant conditioning

A

A method of conditioning that reinforces certain behaviors through a system of rewards and punishments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

opsin

A

Light-activated proteins, used in optogenetics to experimentally modify the activity of neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

optogenetics

A

A technique used to control the activity of brain cells based on introducing light-sensitive proteins into the cells and activating them with light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

physicalism/materialism

A

The view that all of reality, including mental processes, is physical or material in nature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

reaction time

A

A measure of how long it takes an experimental subject to respond to a given task or query.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

reinforcement learning

A

A form of behavioral conditioning based on punishment and reinforcement (reward) feedback.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

replication

A

A process in scientific research in which a previous experiment is repeated using the same methods as the original.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

response

A

The behavior an experimental subject engages in after a stimulus is presented.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Skinner box

A

A chamber used to contain and automatically provide behavioral feedback to an animal during operant conditioning experiments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

speed-accuracy tradeoff

A

When a participant in an experiment sacrifices accuracy in their responses for greater speed or vice-versa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

subject/participant (experimental)

A

A person upon whom a psychological experiment is being conducted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

stimulus

A

Anything used to stimulate the senses as part of an experimental procedure, such as an image or a sound.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Stroop effect/interference

A

A psychological phenomenon in which reporting the ink color of words is slowed down when the words spell out the name of a different color

36
Q

structuralism

A

A school pf psychology whose approach relied on introspecting on one’s own conscious mental states in order to understand the mind.

37
Q

transistor

A

A device used in computers to control whether or not a current flowed through parts of the system.

38
Q

trial

A

Repetitions of an experimental condition, typically used in order to compensate for variability in performance across attempts.

39
Q

The puzzle of how the physical body is related to mental activity is called ______.

A

the mind-body problem

40
Q

Descartes articulated the perspective of ______.

A

dualism

41
Q

The use of introspection was a hallmark method of which school of psychology?

A

structuralism

42
Q

Consider the following scenario. An intergalactic team of psychologists discovers a planet with robot-like androids and is trying to understand them. Which school of psychology does a researcher probably belong to if they use the following research method?

Method 1: Determining the action responses of the robots in response to specific kinds of stimulation

A

behaviorist

43
Q

Consider the following scenario. An intergalactic team of psychologists discovers a planet with robot-like androids and is trying to understand them. Which school of psychology does a researcher probably belong to if they use the following research method?

Method 2: Asking the robots to verbally report on their internal processes

A

structuralist

44
Q

Consider the following scenario. An intergalactic team of psychologists discovers a planet with robot-like androids and is trying to understand them. Which school of psychology does a researcher probably belong to if they use the following research method?

Method 3: Using the response of the robot to specific kinds of stimulation in order to infer its internal mental processes

A

cognitive

45
Q

Teaching a dog to “shake hands” on command using a food reward is an example of ______.

A

operant conditioning

46
Q

A finding in Tolman’s maze experiments was that when rats were placed in a different starting point of the maze than the one they had been trained on, they went ______.

A) in the wrong direction to get the food

B) in the correct direction to get the food but only if it involved producing the exact same behavior as when they had first found the food

C) in the correct direction to get the food but only if they had previously explored the maze

D) in the correct direction to get the food, even when they had not previously explored the maze

A

C

47
Q

The “cognitive revolution” led to the idea of cognition as a form of ______.

A

computation

47
Q

In order to ensure the findings of a recent experiment are valid, Dr. Anzures performed the experiment using the same methods as the original experiment. He got the same results as the original experiment and now believes the results are valid. Which of the following terms describes what he did to verify the results?

A

replication

48
Q

How do psychologists typically deal with the challenge of cognitive differences across individuals?

A

include many participants

49
Q

A set of operations that produces the input/output mapping of a function.

A

algorithm

50
Q

A scientific field that assesses behavior and neurological factors in animals as models of human function.

A

behavioral neuroscience

51
Q

A school of psychology that emphasized using observable stimuli and behaviors as the basis of scientific experimentation.

A

behaviorism

52
Q

A phenomenon in which someone who reports blindness due to cortical damage still shows behavior consisting with some perception.

A

blindsight

53
Q

A learning protocol in which an involuntary behavior is paired with a stimulus, eventually leading to that behavior being elicited by the stimulus alone

A

classical conditioning

54
Q

A scientific field that merges brain imaging with behavioral experimentation.

A

cognitive neuroscience

55
Q

A movement in the 1950’s that proposed that the mind could be understood as a computational system.

A

cognitive revolution

56
Q

An approach in psychology that uses behavior as a method for developing and testing theories of the underlying processing of the mind.

A

cognitivism

57
Q

A scientific field that uses computer models of the brain to model real brain function.

A

computational neuroscience

58
Q

A condition in which an individual with damage to the visual cortex will report having no visual experience, despite having working eyes.

A

cortical blindness

59
Q

The view that the mind and body consist of fundamentally different kinds of substances or properties.

A

dualism

60
Q

Mappings from inputs to outputs

A

function

61
Q

A field of applied psychology concerned with the interaction between human perception and the design of systems.

A

human factors

62
Q

The view that the only kind of reality is mental in nature.

A

idealism

63
Q

The conditions that are being manipulated by the experimenter in order to determine their effects on the dependent variable.

A

independent variable

64
Q

Variations in performance across different individuals in cognitive tasks.

A

individual differences

65
Q

An approach to human cognition that views it as a type of computation with sensory information serving as an input which is processed by the brain to determine a behavioral output.

A

information processing

66
Q

A technique employed by the structuralists to study the mind by training people to examine their own conscious experiences.

A

introspection

67
Q

Learning in the absence of any reward or punishment conditioning, as in Tolman’s maze experiments.

A

latent learning

68
Q

The question of how mental events, such as thoughts, beliefs, and sensations, are related to physical mechanisms taking place in the body.

A

mind-body problem

69
Q

The view that there is only one kind of basic “substance” in the world, whether exclusively physical or exclusively mental.

A

monism

70
Q

The view that the mental and physical are identical and all of reality is made of this one kind of thing.

A

neutral monism

71
Q

A method of conditioning that reinforces certain behaviors through a system of rewards and punishments.

A

operant conditioning

72
Q

Light-activated proteins, used in optogenetics to experimentally modify the activity of neurons.

A

opsin

73
Q

A technique used to control the activity of brain cells based on introducing light-sensitive proteins into the cells and activating them with light.

A

optogenetics

74
Q

The view that all of reality, including mental processes, is physical or material in nature.

A

physicalism/materialism

75
Q

A measure of how long it takes an experimental subject to respond to a given task or query.

A

reaction time

76
Q

A form of behavioral conditioning based on punishment and reinforcement (reward) feedback.

A

reinforcement learning

77
Q

A process in scientific research in which a previous experiment is repeated using the same methods as the original.

A

replication

78
Q

The behavior an experimental subject engages in after a stimulus is presented.

A

response

79
Q

A chamber used to contain and automatically provide behavioral feedback to an animal during operant conditioning experiments.

A

Skinner box

80
Q

When a participant in an experiment sacrifices accuracy in their responses for greater speed or vice-versa.

A

speed-accuracy tradeoff

81
Q

A person upon whom a psychological experiment is being conducted.

A

subject/participant (experimental)

82
Q

Anything used to stimulate the senses as part of an experimental procedure, such as an image or a sound.

A

stimulus

83
Q

A psychological phenomenon in which reporting the ink color of words is slowed down when the words spell out the name of a different color

A

Stroop effect/interference

84
Q

A school pf psychology whose approach relied on introspecting on one’s own conscious mental states in order to understand the mind.

A

structuralism

85
Q

A device used in computers to control whether or not a current flowed through parts of the system.

A

transistor

86
Q

Repetitions of an experimental condition, typically used in order to compensate for variability in performance across attempts.

A

trial

PSY270 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions