CHAPTER 2: Growth and Development Flashcards
Used almost always to refer to an increase in complexity.
Development
Usually refers to an increase in size or number.
Growth
Represents proportionality, but in a still more complex way, because it refers not just to a set of proportional relationships at a point in time, but to the change in these proportional relationships over time.
Pattern
At about the third month of intrauterine development, the head takes up almost 50% of the total body length.
Fetal Life
Simply means that there is an axis of increased growth extending from the head toward the feet.
Cephalocaudal gradient of growth
originally used to study the Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon peoples whose skulls were found in European caves in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Craniometry
It means that although different ages are represented in the population, the same individual can be measured at only one point in time.
Cross-sectional
possible to measure skeletal dimen- sions on living individuals.
Anthropometry
Based on the measurement skull found among human skull remains.
Craniometry
It allows a direct measurement of bony skeletal dimensions, because the bone can be seen through the soft tissue covering in a radiograph, but it also allows the same individual to be followed over time.
Cephalometric Radiology
What are the 4 measurement technique?
- Craniometry
- Anthropometry
- Cephalometric Radiology
- Three-dimentional Imaging
What is the disadvantage of standard cephalometric radiograph?
it produces a two-dimensional (2-D) representation of a three-dimensional (3-D) structure, and so, even with precise head positioning, not all measurements are possible.
More on 3D imaging techniques
Three-dimensional imaging
The cranio-facial complex is divided into 4 areas.
Cranial Vault
Cranial Base
Maxilla
Mandible
Primarily occurs during growth and development, shapes the bone, and is influenced by hormones.
Bone modeling
occurs throughout adulthood, maintains bone strength, repairs damage, and adapts bone to mechanical stresses.
Bone Remodeling
This is important in cartilage during development, as it contributes to the growth and shaping of skeletal structures.
Interstitial growth
True or False. In adulthood, cartilage growth becomes maximal and is primarily focused on tissue maintenance and repair rather than significant expansion
False. Cartilage growth becomes minimal due to its avascular nature and lack of direct blood supply. Therefore, it primarily focuses on tissue maintenance and repair rather than significant expansion.
Takes place so that hard tissue is formed, and interstitial growth becomes impossible
Mineralization
This only happens when the cartilage is young ans pliable. Lengthening
Interstitial Growth
Growth on the surface. Continues throughout adolescence. Widening
Appositional Growth
There are three possibilities for growth.
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Secretion of extracellular materials
Increase in cell size
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell number
Hyperplasia
Contributes to the increase in size, independent of the size or number of cells themselves
Secretion of extracellular materials
Utilize X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
CAT SCAN
Uses powerful magnets and radio waves to generate detailed images of the body’s internal structures.
MRI
A simplified graphical representation that shows the typical growth pattern of the different body parts during childhood.
Scammon’s Curve
Means to deviate from what is normal. It refers to the individual differences in the rate and timing of growth among people.
Variability
Simply put, the biological clocks of different individuals are set differently.
Timing
