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Science 30 > Chapter 2 - Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

chromosome

A

threadlike structure of nucleic acids & protein, found in the nucleus of most living cells, carries the genetic information in the form of genes

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2
Q

Gene

A

unit of heredity that is transferred from parent to offspring & is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

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3
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

double helix staircase shape, self replicating material present in almost all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes, the carrier of genetic information,

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4
Q

karyotype

A

number & visual appearance of chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species

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5
Q

amniocentesis

A

sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle inserted into the uterus to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus

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6
Q

autosomal cell

A

a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome (1-22)

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7
Q

homologous chromosome

A

chromosome pairs, one from each parents that are similar in length, Gene position, and centromere location

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8
Q

replicate

A

make an exact copy of; reproduce

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9
Q

Mitosis

A

cell division that results in 2 daughter cells each having the same number & kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth

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10
Q

diploid cells

A

a cell that contains 2 sets of chromosomes.

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11
Q

asexual reproduction

A

reproduction by which offspring arise from a single organism and inherit the genes of that parent only, it does not involve the fusion of gametes and almost never changes the number of chromosomes

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12
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cell , able to unite with with another from the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote

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13
Q

Meiosis

A

type of cell reproduction resulting in 4 daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as the production of gametes and plant spores

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14
Q

crossing over

A

exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring

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15
Q

haploid

A

a cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

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16
Q

selective breeding

A

aka artificial selection

process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively Develop particular phenotypic traits by choosing which typically animal and plant males and females will breed together and have offspring

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17
Q

acquired traits

A

physical characteristic of an organism that is not passed down to offspring genetically. it is not coded in the organism’s DNA & is a product of the environment’s influence on the organism

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18
Q

inherited traits

A

trait passed on from parent to offspring

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19
Q

alleles

A

1 or 2 or more alternative forms of a gene That arise by mutation & are found at the same place on a chromosome

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20
Q

dominant trait

A

a trait that will appear in the offspring if one of the parents contributes it

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21
Q

recessive trait

A

trait that can be carried in a person’s genes without appearing in that person.

22
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic constitution of an individual organism

23
Q

phenotype

A

set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

24
Q

punter square

A

diagram used to predict outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment

25
Q

Homozygous

A

when an individual has 2 of the same allele whether dominant or recessive.

RR or rr

26
Q

Heterozygous

A

a pair of genes where one is dominant and one is recessive, they’re different

Rr

27
Q

Sex linked inheritance

A

pattern of inheritance that may result from a mutant gene located on either the X chromosome or the Y chromosome

28
Q

Autosomal inheritance

A

pattern of inheritance where one affected individual has one copy of a mutant gene and one normal gene on a pair of autosomal chromosomes (autosomal diseases require individual must have 2 copies of the mutant gene)

29
Q

Nucleotide

A

compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. nucleotides form basic structural unit of nucleic acids like DNA

30
Q

base pair

A

pair of complimentary bases in a double stranded nucleic acid molecule consisting of purine in one strand linked to hydrogen bonds to a pyramidine in the other. cytosine pairs w guanine and adenine paired w thymine in DNA or RNA (uracil)

31
Q

histone

A

any group of basic proteins found in chromatin

32
Q

replication

A

action of copying or reproducing something.

33
Q

amino acid

A

simple organic compound containing both carboxyl and an amino group

34
Q

DNA triplet code

A

standard version of a genetic code, in which a sequence of 3 nucleotides on a DNA or RNA molecule codes for a specific amino acid in protein synthesis

35
Q

Mutation

A

changin the structure of a gene resulting in variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes

36
Q

point mutation

A

mutation affecting only 1 or few nucleotides in a gene sequence.

37
Q

frame shift mutation

A

genetic mutation caused by insertions or deletions of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by 3.

38
Q

genetic disease

A

genetic problem caused by 1 or more abnormalities in the genome especially a condition present from birth (congenital)

39
Q

carrier

A

person or organism that has inherited a recessive allele for a genetic trait or mutation but doesn’t display that trait or show symptoms of the disease

40
Q

mutagen

A

an agent that causes genetic mutation

41
Q

carcinogen

A

a substance capable of causing cancer in living cells

42
Q

pedigree

A

recorded ancestry of an animal

43
Q

transformation

A

genetic alteration of a cell resulting in different DNA codes

44
Q

plasmid

A

a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes

45
Q

DNA fingerprint

A

technique used for identification (forensic purposes) by extracting and identifying the base-pair pattern by a person’s DNA

46
Q

transgenics

A

an organism that contains genetic material into which DNA from an unrelated organism has been artificially introduced

47
Q

genetic engineering

A

deliberate modification the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material

48
Q

genetically modified organisms

A

GMO, an organism whose genetic material has been altered using a genetic engineering technique

49
Q

bio weapons

A

living organisms or replicating entities (viruses ) that reproduce or replicate within their host victims

50
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from different organisms

51
Q

gene therapy

A

transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders.

Science 30 (1 decks)

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