Chapter 2 - General Anatomy and Radiographic Positioning Terminology Flashcards
Review
Define ANATOMY
study of the body’s structures
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Define PHYSIOLOGY
study of the function of body organs
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Define OSTEOLOGY
study of the body’s bones
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Describe the anatomic position
The body standing erect, face and eyes directed forward, arms extended by the sides with the palms of the hands facing forward, heels together, and the toes pointing anteriorly with the great toes touching
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List the 4 fundamental planes of the body
- Sagittal
- coronal
- horizontal/transverse
- oblique
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What is a sagittal plane?
a plane passing vertically from front to back, dividing the body into left and right halves
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What is a coronal plane?
a plane passing vertically through the body from side to side, dividing the body into front and back halves
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What is a midcoronal plane?
a coronal plane that divides the body into exactly equal front and back halves
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What is a midsagittal plane?
a sagittal plane that divides the body into exactly equal left and right halves
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What is a horizontal plane?
plane that travels crosswise through the body and divides it into superior and inferior segments (AKA transverse/axial)
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What are the 2 main cavities of the torso?
- thoracic
- abdominal
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In what body cavity would you find the LIVER?
ABDOMINAL
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In what body cavity would you find the LUNGS?
THORACIC
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In what body cavity would you find the HEART?
THORACIC
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In what body cavity would you find the UTERUS?
PELVIC
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In what body cavity would you find the SPLEEN?
ABDOMINAL
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In what body cavity would you find the RECTUM?
PELVIC
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In what body cavity would you find the URETERS?
ABDOMINAL
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In what body cavity would you find the TRACHEA
THORACIC
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In what body cavity would you find the OVARIES?
PELVIC
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In what body cavity would you find the ESOPHAGUS?
THORACIC
Special Planes
What plane transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests at the 4th lumbar spinous process?
Interiliac Plane
Special Planes
What plane is formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with the jaws closed?
Occlusal Plane
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What bony landmark can be used to locate C1?
MASTOID TIP
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What bony landmark can be used to locate C3/C4?
HYOID BONE
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What bony landmark can be used to locate C2/C3?
GONION (angle of mandible)
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What bony landmark can be used to locate C5?
THYROID CARTILAGE
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What bony landmark can be used to locate C7/T1?
VERTEBRA PROMINENS (large, palpable spinous process at base of neck)
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What bony landmark can be used to locate T1?
2” above JUGULAR NOTCH
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What bony landmark can be used to locate T2/T3?
JUGULAR NOTCH
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What bony landmark can be used to locate T4/T5?
STERNAL ANGLE
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What bony landmark can be used to locate T7?
INFERIOR ANGLES OF SCAPULAE
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What bony landmark can be used to locate T9/T10?
XIPHOID PROCESS
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What bony landmark can be used to locate L2/L3?
INFERIOR COSTAL MARGIN (bottom of ribcage)
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What bony landmark can be used to locate L4/L5?
MOST SUPERIOR LEVEL OF ILIAC CREST
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What bony landmark can be used to locate S1/S2?
ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine)
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What bony landmark can be used to locate COCCYX?
PUBIC SYMPHYSIS & GREATER TROCHANTERS
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How many bones comprise the typical adult skeleton?
206
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What are the 2 skeletal divisions that make up the body’s framework?
- axial
- appendicular
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What are the 4 main parts of the appendicular skeleton?
- pelvic girdle
- shoulder girdle
- upper limbs
- lower limbs
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What are the 4 main parts of the axial skeleton?
- skull
- neck
- thorax (ribcage)
- vertebral column
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What is the tough, fibrous membrane that covers bones?
periosteum
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What is the central cylindric canal of long bones?
medullary cavity
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What is the inner trabeculated portion of the bone?
spongy (cancellous) bone
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What is the outer layer of hard tissue in bone?
compact bone
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What are the 5 different classifications of bones by shape?
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
- sesamoid
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Describe LONG bones and list where they are commonly located
- cylindric shaft with two enlarged, rounded, articular ends
- found in limbs and phlanges
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Describe SHORT bones and list where they are commonly located
- small, mostly cancellous with thin outer compact layer
- found in carpals and tarsals
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Describe FLAT bones and list where they are commonly located
- sandwich of compact bone layers and spongy diploe inside
- found in cranium, sternum, scapulae
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Describe IRREGULAR bones and list where they are commonly located
- can not be classified as long, short, or flat
- found in vertebrae, face, pelvis
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Describe SESAMOID bones and list where they are commonly located
- small and oval
- found in tendons of fingers/toes, patella
Bone Development
What is intermembranous ossification and what bones are produced this way?
bones that develop from fibrous membranes in the embryo
- produces flat bones and joints
Bone Development
What is endochondral ossification and what bones are produced this way?
bones that develop from hyaline cartilage in the embryo
- produces short, irregular, and long bones
Bone Development
What is primary ossification and what bones are produced this way?
stage of endochondral ossification that occurs before birth
- forms bulk of short/irregular bones and the diaphyses of the long bones
Bone Development
What is secondary ossification and what bones are produced this way?
stage of endochondral ossification that occurs after birth
- forms epiphyses of long bones
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What are the 2 classifications of joints and which is more widely used?
- STRUCTURAL (more widely used)
- FUNCTIONAL
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What are the 3 structural classifications of articulations?
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
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How movable is a synovial joint?
freely movable
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How movable is a cartilaginous joint?
limited or slight movement
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How movable is a fibrous joint?
immovable
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What is the fibrous envelope that encloses a synovial joint?
articular (fibrous) capsule
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What is the cartilaginous joint in which two bones are joined by hyaline cartilage?
SYNCHONDROSIS
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What is the nutrient/lubricant found within synovial joints?
SYNOVIAL FLUID
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What is the cartilaginous joint in which two midline bones of the body are joined by a plate of fibrocartilage?
SYMPHYSIS
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What are the fluid-containing sacs which are interposed between sliding surfaces to reduce friction?
BURSAE
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What is the fibrocartilaginous disk pad located between the ends of bones in some synovial joints?
MENISCUS
Arthrology
What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?
- synarthrosis
- amphiarthrosis
- diarthrosis
Arthrology
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
- Gliding
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Ellipsoid
- Saddle
- Ball and Socket
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What type of movement is a GLIDING joint capable of?
- sliding
- gliding
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What type of movement is a HINGE joint capable of?
- flexion
- extension
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What type of movement is a PIVOT joint capable of?
- rotation
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What type of movement is a ELLIPSOID joint capable of?
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- circumduction
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What type of movement is a SADDLE joint capable of?
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- circumduction
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What type of movement is a BALL & SOCKET joint capable of?
- flexion
- extension
- rotation
- abduction
- adduction
- circumduction
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What is an anatomical term for SHARP PROCESS?
SPINE
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What is an anatomical term for BONY PROJECTION?
PROTUBERANCE
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What is an anatomical term for BEAK-LIKE PROCESS?
CORACOID
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What is an anatomical term for RIDGE-LIKE PROCESS?
CREST
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What is an anatomical term for CLUB-SHAPED PROCESS?
MALLEOLUS
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What is an anatomical term for HOOK-SHAPED PROCESS?
HAMULUS
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What is an anatomical term for LONG, POINTED PROCESS?
STYLOID
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What is an anatomical term for PROJECTION ABOVE A CONDYLE?
EPICONDYLE
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What is an anatomical term for HORN-LIKE PROCESS ON A BONE?
HORN
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What is an anatomical term for EXPANDED END OF A LONG BONE?
HEAD
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What is an anatomical term for SMALL, ROUNDED, ELEVATED PROCESS?
TUBERCLE
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What is an anatomical term for LARGE, ROUNDED, ELEVATED PROCESS?
TUBEROSITY
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What is an anatomical term for ROUNDED PROCESS AT AN ARTICULAR EXTREMITY?
CONDYLE
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What is an anatomical term for SMALL, SMOOTH-SURFACED PROCESS FOR ARTICULATION?
FACET
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What is an anatomical term for LARGE, ROUNDED, ELEVATED PROCESS LOCATED AT THE JUNCTION OF THE NECK AND SHAFT OF THE FEMUR?
TROCHANTER
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What is an anatomical term for CLEFT OR GROOVE?
FISSURE
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What is an anatomical term for PIT, FOVEA, OR HOLLOW?
FOSSA
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What is an anatomical term for SHALLOW, LINEAR DEPRESSION?
GROOVE
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What is an anatomical term for RECESS, GROOVE, CAVITY, OR HOLLOW SPACE?
SINUS
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What is an anatomical term for FURROW, TRENCH, OR FISSURE-LIKE DEPRESSION?
SULCUS
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What is an anatomical term for HOLE IN A BONE FOR TRANSMISSION OF BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES?
FORAMEN
Arthrology
What is a fibrous joint type that is located only in the roots of the teeth?
GOMPHOSIS
Arthrology
What is a fibrous joint type that occurs only in the skull?
SUTURE
Arthrology
What is a fibrous joint type that unites bones by sheets of fibrous tissue?
SYNDESMOSIS
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What is a PROJECTION?
refers to the path of the central ray as it travels through the patient to the IR
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What is a POSITION?
a specific patient body position OR the act of placing a patient in the appropriate position
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What is a VIEW?
the body part as it is seen from the perspective of an x-ray film or IR (opposite of projection)
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What is a METHOD?
a projection or position that is named after the person who developed its use
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What is the projection where the CR is angled longitudinally with the long axis of the body?
AXIAL
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What is the projection where the CR enters the anterior body surface and exits the posterior body surface?
AP (anteroposterior)
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What is the projection where the CR enters the posterior body surface and exits the anterior body surface?
PA (posteroanterior)
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What is the projection where the CR enters the body or body part from a side angle into the anterior or posterior surface of the body?
OBLIQUE
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What is the projection where the CR enters the side or lateral aspect of the body or body part and exits the other side?
LATERAL
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What is the projection where the CR is directed toward the outer margin of a curved body to profile a body part and project it free of superimposition?
TANGENTIAL
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What is the position where you are lying face down?
PRONE (ventral recumbent)
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What is the position where you are lying on the back?
SUPINE (dorsal recumbent)
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What is the position where you are lying down in any position?
RECUMBENT
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What is the position where you are erect or marked by a vertical position?
UPRIGHT
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What is the position where you are lying supine with the head lower than the feet?
TRENDELENBURG
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What is the position where you are lying supine with the head higher than the feet?
FOWLER