Chapter 2 - General Anatomy and Radiographic Positioning Terminology Flashcards
1
Q
Review
Define ANATOMY
A
study of the body’s structures
2
Q
Review
Define PHYSIOLOGY
A
study of the function of body organs
3
Q
Review
Define OSTEOLOGY
A
study of the body’s bones
4
Q
Review
Describe the anatomic position
A
The body standing erect, face and eyes directed forward, arms extended by the sides with the palms of the hands facing forward, heels together, and the toes pointing anteriorly with the great toes touching
5
Q
Review
List the 4 fundamental planes of the body
A
- Sagittal
- coronal
- horizontal/transverse
- oblique
6
Q
Review
What is a sagittal plane?
A
a plane passing vertically from front to back, dividing the body into left and right halves
7
Q
Review
What is a coronal plane?
A
a plane passing vertically through the body from side to side, dividing the body into front and back halves
8
Q
Review
What is a midcoronal plane?
A
a coronal plane that divides the body into exactly equal front and back halves
9
Q
Review
What is a midsagittal plane?
A
a sagittal plane that divides the body into exactly equal left and right halves
10
Q
Review
What is a horizontal plane?
A
plane that travels crosswise through the body and divides it into superior and inferior segments (AKA transverse/axial)
11
Q
Review
What are the 2 main cavities of the torso?
A
- thoracic
- abdominal
12
Q
Review
In what body cavity would you find the LIVER?
A
ABDOMINAL
13
Q
Review
In what body cavity would you find the LUNGS?
A
THORACIC
14
Q
Review
In what body cavity would you find the HEART?
A
THORACIC
15
Q
Review
In what body cavity would you find the UTERUS?
A
PELVIC
16
Q
Review
In what body cavity would you find the SPLEEN?
A
ABDOMINAL
17
Q
Review
In what body cavity would you find the RECTUM?
A
PELVIC
18
Q
Review
In what body cavity would you find the URETERS?
A
ABDOMINAL
19
Q
Review
In what body cavity would you find the TRACHEA
A
THORACIC
20
Q
Review
In what body cavity would you find the OVARIES?
A
PELVIC
21
Q
Review
In what body cavity would you find the ESOPHAGUS?
A
THORACIC
22
Q
Special Planes
What plane transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests at the 4th lumbar spinous process?
A
Interiliac Plane
23
Q
Special Planes
What plane is formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with the jaws closed?
A
Occlusal Plane
24
Q
Review
What bony landmark can be used to locate C1?
A
MASTOID TIP
25
# Review
What bony landmark can be used to locate C3/C4?
HYOID BONE
25
# Review
What bony landmark can be used to locate C2/C3?
GONION (angle of mandible)
26
# Review
What bony landmark can be used to locate C5?
THYROID CARTILAGE
27
# Review
What bony landmark can be used to locate C7/T1?
VERTEBRA PROMINENS (large, palpable spinous process at base of neck)
28
# Review
What bony landmark can be used to locate T1?
2" above JUGULAR NOTCH
29
# Review
What bony landmark can be used to locate T2/T3?
JUGULAR NOTCH
30
# Review
What bony landmark can be used to locate T4/T5?
STERNAL ANGLE
31
# Review
What bony landmark can be used to locate T7?
INFERIOR ANGLES OF SCAPULAE
32
# Review
What bony landmark can be used to locate T9/T10?
XIPHOID PROCESS
33
# Review
What bony landmark can be used to locate L2/L3?
INFERIOR COSTAL MARGIN (bottom of ribcage)
34
# Review
What bony landmark can be used to locate L4/L5?
MOST SUPERIOR LEVEL OF ILIAC CREST
35
# Review
What bony landmark can be used to locate S1/S2?
ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine)
36
# Review
What bony landmark can be used to locate COCCYX?
PUBIC SYMPHYSIS & GREATER TROCHANTERS
37
# Review
How many bones comprise the typical adult skeleton?
206
38
# Review
What are the 2 skeletal divisions that make up the body's framework?
1. axial
2. appendicular
39
# Review
What are the 4 main parts of the appendicular skeleton?
1. pelvic girdle
2. shoulder girdle
3. upper limbs
4. lower limbs
40
# Review
What are the 4 main parts of the axial skeleton?
1. skull
2. neck
3. thorax (ribcage)
4. vertebral column
41
# Review
What is the tough, fibrous membrane that covers bones?
periosteum
42
# Review
What is the central cylindric canal of long bones?
medullary cavity
43
# Review
What is the inner trabeculated portion of the bone?
spongy (cancellous) bone
44
# Review
What is the outer layer of hard tissue in bone?
compact bone
45
# Review
What are the 5 different classifications of bones by shape?
1. long
2. short
3. flat
4. irregular
5. sesamoid
46
# Review
Describe LONG bones and list where they are commonly located
- cylindric shaft with two enlarged, rounded, articular ends
- found in limbs and phlanges
47
# Review
Describe SHORT bones and list where they are commonly located
- small, mostly cancellous with thin outer compact layer
- found in carpals and tarsals
48
# Review
Describe FLAT bones and list where they are commonly located
- sandwich of compact bone layers and spongy diploe inside
- found in cranium, sternum, scapulae
49
# Review
Describe IRREGULAR bones and list where they are commonly located
- can not be classified as long, short, or flat
- found in vertebrae, face, pelvis
50
# Review
Describe SESAMOID bones and list where they are commonly located
- small and oval
- found in tendons of fingers/toes, patella
51
# Bone Development
What is intermembranous ossification and what bones are produced this way?
bones that develop from fibrous membranes in the embryo
- produces flat bones and joints
52
# Bone Development
What is endochondral ossification and what bones are produced this way?
bones that develop from hyaline cartilage in the embryo
- produces short, irregular, and long bones
53
# Bone Development
What is primary ossification and what bones are produced this way?
stage of endochondral ossification that occurs before birth
- forms bulk of short/irregular bones and the diaphyses of the long bones
54
# Bone Development
What is secondary ossification and what bones are produced this way?
stage of endochondral ossification that occurs after birth
- forms epiphyses of long bones
55
# Review
What are the 2 classifications of joints and which is more widely used?
- STRUCTURAL (more widely used)
- FUNCTIONAL
56
# Review
What are the 3 structural classifications of articulations?
1. fibrous
2. cartilaginous
3. synovial
57
# Review
How movable is a synovial joint?
freely movable
58
# Review
How movable is a cartilaginous joint?
limited or slight movement
59
# Review
How movable is a fibrous joint?
immovable
60
# Review
What is the fibrous envelope that encloses a synovial joint?
articular (fibrous) capsule
61
# Review
What is the cartilaginous joint in which two bones are joined by hyaline cartilage?
SYNCHONDROSIS
62
# Review
What is the nutrient/lubricant found within synovial joints?
SYNOVIAL FLUID
63
# Review
What is the cartilaginous joint in which two midline bones of the body are joined by a plate of fibrocartilage?
SYMPHYSIS
64
# Review
What are the fluid-containing sacs which are interposed between sliding surfaces to reduce friction?
BURSAE
65
# Review
What is the fibrocartilaginous disk pad located between the ends of bones in some synovial joints?
MENISCUS
66
# Arthrology
What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?
1. synarthrosis
2. amphiarthrosis
3. diarthrosis
67
# Arthrology
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
1. Gliding
2. Hinge
3. Pivot
4. Ellipsoid
5. Saddle
6. Ball and Socket
68
# Review
What type of movement is a GLIDING joint capable of?
- sliding
- gliding
69
# Review
What type of movement is a HINGE joint capable of?
- flexion
- extension
70
# Review
What type of movement is a PIVOT joint capable of?
- rotation
71
# Review
What type of movement is a ELLIPSOID joint capable of?
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- circumduction
72
# Review
What type of movement is a SADDLE joint capable of?
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- circumduction
73
# Review
What type of movement is a BALL & SOCKET joint capable of?
- flexion
- extension
- rotation
- abduction
- adduction
- circumduction
74
# Review
What is an anatomical term for SHARP PROCESS?
SPINE
75
# Review
What is an anatomical term for BONY PROJECTION?
PROTUBERANCE
76
# Review
What is an anatomical term for BEAK-LIKE PROCESS?
CORACOID
77
# Review
What is an anatomical term for RIDGE-LIKE PROCESS?
CREST
78
# Review
What is an anatomical term for CLUB-SHAPED PROCESS?
MALLEOLUS
79
# Review
What is an anatomical term for HOOK-SHAPED PROCESS?
HAMULUS
80
# Review
What is an anatomical term for LONG, POINTED PROCESS?
STYLOID
81
# Review
What is an anatomical term for PROJECTION ABOVE A CONDYLE?
EPICONDYLE
82
# Review
What is an anatomical term for HORN-LIKE PROCESS ON A BONE?
HORN
83
# Review
What is an anatomical term for EXPANDED END OF A LONG BONE?
HEAD
84
# Review
What is an anatomical term for SMALL, ROUNDED, ELEVATED PROCESS?
TUBERCLE
85
# Review
What is an anatomical term for LARGE, ROUNDED, ELEVATED PROCESS?
TUBEROSITY
86
# Review
What is an anatomical term for ROUNDED PROCESS AT AN ARTICULAR EXTREMITY?
CONDYLE
87
# Review
What is an anatomical term for SMALL, SMOOTH-SURFACED PROCESS FOR ARTICULATION?
FACET
88
# Review
What is an anatomical term for LARGE, ROUNDED, ELEVATED PROCESS LOCATED AT THE JUNCTION OF THE NECK AND SHAFT OF THE FEMUR?
TROCHANTER
89
# Review
What is an anatomical term for CLEFT OR GROOVE?
FISSURE
90
# Review
What is an anatomical term for PIT, FOVEA, OR HOLLOW?
FOSSA
91
# Review
What is an anatomical term for SHALLOW, LINEAR DEPRESSION?
GROOVE
92
# Review
What is an anatomical term for RECESS, GROOVE, CAVITY, OR HOLLOW SPACE?
SINUS
93
# Review
What is an anatomical term for FURROW, TRENCH, OR FISSURE-LIKE DEPRESSION?
SULCUS
94
# Review
What is an anatomical term for HOLE IN A BONE FOR TRANSMISSION OF BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES?
FORAMEN
95
# Arthrology
What is a fibrous joint type that is located only in the roots of the teeth?
GOMPHOSIS
96
# Arthrology
What is a fibrous joint type that occurs only in the skull?
SUTURE
97
# Arthrology
What is a fibrous joint type that unites bones by sheets of fibrous tissue?
SYNDESMOSIS
98
# Review
What is a PROJECTION?
refers to the path of the central ray as it travels through the patient to the IR
99
# Review
What is a POSITION?
a specific patient body position OR the act of placing a patient in the appropriate position
100
# Review
What is a VIEW?
the body part as it is seen from the perspective of an x-ray film or IR (opposite of projection)
101
# Review
What is a METHOD?
a projection or position that is named after the person who developed its use
102
# Review
What is the projection where the CR is angled longitudinally with the long axis of the body?
AXIAL
103
# Review
What is the projection where the CR enters the anterior body surface and exits the posterior body surface?
AP (anteroposterior)
104
# Review
What is the projection where the CR enters the posterior body surface and exits the anterior body surface?
PA (posteroanterior)
105
# Review
What is the projection where the CR enters the body or body part from a side angle into the anterior or posterior surface of the body?
OBLIQUE
106
# Review
What is the projection where the CR enters the side or lateral aspect of the body or body part and exits the other side?
LATERAL
107
# Review
What is the projection where the CR is directed toward the outer margin of a curved body to profile a body part and project it free of superimposition?
TANGENTIAL
108
# Review
What is the position where you are lying face down?
PRONE (ventral recumbent)
109
# Review
What is the position where you are lying on the back?
SUPINE (dorsal recumbent)
110
# Review
What is the position where you are lying down in any position?
RECUMBENT
111
# Review
What is the position where you are erect or marked by a vertical position?
UPRIGHT
112
# Review
What is the position where you are lying supine with the head lower than the feet?
TRENDELENBURG
113
# Review
What is the position where you are lying supine with the head higher than the feet?
FOWLER
