Chapter 2 General Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
Histology
(Microscopic anatomy) the study of tiny structures found in tissues.
Flexor
An extensor muscle of the wrist involved in flexing the wrist.
Abductor
A muscle that separates the fingers and toes.
Abductor digiti minimi
A muscle of the foot that separates the toes.
Adductor
The muscles at the base of each finger that draws the fingers together.
Adipose tissue
Technical term for fat; gives smoothness and contour to the body.
Anabolism
Constructive metabolism; the process of combining smaller molecules to build longer and more complex molecules.
Anatomy
The study of the human body structure that can be seen with the naked eye as well as what the body is made up of; the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.
Anterior tibial artery
Supplies blood to the lowers leg muscles and to the muscles and skin on the top of the foot and to the muscles and skin and adjacent sides of the first and second toes. This artery becomes the Dorsalis Pedis Artery.
Aorta
The largest artery in the body. The arterial trunk that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries throughout the body.
Artery
Thick-walled muscular and flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the capillaries.
Atrium
One of the two upper chambers of the heart, through which blood is pumped to the ventricles.
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
The part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary muscles and regulates the action of smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, and heat.
Capillary
A tiny, thin-walled blood vessel that connects to smaller arteries to the veins.
Catabolism
The phase of metabolism in which larger, more complex molecules are broken down within the cells to create smaller, simpler molecules.
Central nervous system (CNS)
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves.
Common peroneal nerve
A division of the sciatic nerve that extends from behind the knee to wind around the head of the fibula to the front of the leg, where it divides into 2 branches.
Connective tissue
Fibrous tissue that binds together and protects, and supports, the various parts of the body. (Ex: bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia, and fat)
Deep peroneal nerve
(Anterior tibial nerve) extends down the front of the leg, behind the muscles. It supplies impulses to these muscles and also to the muscles and skin on the top of the foot and adjacent sides of the 1st and 2ed toes.
Deltoid
A large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body.
Dendrites
Treelike branches of nerve fibers extending from a nerve cell; short nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the cell and receive impulses from other neurons.
Digestive enzyme
A chemical that changes certain types of food into a form that can be used by the body.
Digestive system
The mouth, stomach, intestines, and salivary and gastric glands that change food into nutrients and waste. (Gastrointestinal system)
Physiology
The study of the structures of the human body and the substances these structures are made of. Detail of organisms and their parts.
Epithelial tissue
Protective covering on body surfaces. (Ex: skin, mucous membranes, tissue inside the mouth, lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and glands)
Muscle tissue
Contracts and moves various parts of the body.
Nerve tissue
Carries messages through the central nervous system (CNS) to control and coordinate all bodily functions.
Circulatory
Heart with blood vessels: controls the steady circulation of blood through the body.
Excretory
Kidneys and bladder: purifies the body eliminating waste matter.
Integumentary
Spleen and lymph: protects the body from disease by developing resistances and destroying disease-causing toxins, foreign material, and bacteria.
Humerus
The uppermost and largest bone of the arm, extending from below the elbow to the shoulder.
Phalanges
Bones of the fingers or toes, or digits.
Striated muscles
(Skeletal muscles) attached to the bones and are voluntary or consciously controlled. Maintain body posture and protects some internal organs.
Extensors
Muscles that straighten the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line.
Pronators
Muscles that turn the hand inward so that the palm faces downward.
Supinator
Muscles of the forearm that rotates the radius (forearm) outward and the palm upward.
Extensor digitorum longus
Bends the foot up and extends the toes.
Tibialis anterior
Covers the front of the shin. It bends the foot upward and inward.
Peroneus longus
Covers the outer side of the calf and inverts the foot and turns it outward
Peroneus brevis
Originates on the lower surface of the tubular. It bends the foot down and out.
Gastoncnemius
Attached to the lower surface of the heel and pulls the foot down.
Soleus
Originated at the upper portion of the fibula and bends the foot down.
Tibial nerve
Division of the sciatic nerve, passes behind the knee. It subdivides and supplies impulses to the knee, calf muscles, skin of the leg, sole, heel, and underside of the toes.
Superficial peroneal nerve
(Musculocutaneous nerve) extends down the leg, just under the skin, supplying impulses to the muscles and the skin of the leg, as well as to the skin and toes on the top of the foot where it is called the dorsal nerve.
Dorsal nerve
A nerve that extends up from the toes and foot, just under the skin, supplying impulses to the toes and foot, as well as the muscles and skin of the leg, where it becomes the superficial peroneal nerve.
Saphenous nerve
Supplies impulses to the skin of the inner side of the leg and foot.
Sural nerve
Supplies impulses to the skin on the outer side and back of the foot and leg.
Heart
The body’s pump. A muscular, cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system.
Pericardium
Made of epithelial tissue and gives protection against infection and provides lubrication for the heart.
Valves
Structures that temporarily close a passage to permit blood flow in only one direction.
Pulmonary circulation
Sends blood from the heat to the lungs to be purified. Then back to the heart again.
Systemic circulation
(General circulation) carries blood from the heart through the body and back to the heart.
Tricuspid valve
The heart valve that prevents back flow between the right atrium and right ventricle.
Mitral valve
(Buchner valve) separates the two chambers on the left side of the heart. It permits blood to fall from the left atrium into the ventricle when the atrium contracts. When the atrium relaxes, the valve closes to prevent the blood from backing up into the atrium and from there, the lungs.
How much of the body’s weight is blood?
8-10 pints, about 1/20th of the body’s weight.
Veins
Thin-walled blood vessels that are less flexible that arteries. They contain cup like valves that prevent backflow and carry blood containing waste products from the capillaries back to the heart and lungs for cleaning and to pick up oxygen. (Located closer to the outer skin surface of the body)
Red blood cells
Produced in the red bone marrow. They contain hemoglobin, and carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transport carbon dioxide from the cells and back to the lungs.
Hemoglobin
An iron-containing protein that temporarily binds with oxygen.
White blood cells
(Leukocytes) preform the function of destroying disease-causing microorganisms.
Platelets
Smaller than red blood cells, they contribute to blood clotting.
Plasma
Fluid part of the blood, in which red and white blood cells and platelets flow. 90% water and also contains proteins and sugars.
Popliteal artery
Supplies blood to the foot. Divides into 2 separate arteries knows as the anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery.
Posterior tibial artery
Supplies blood to the ankles and back of the lower leg.
Dorsalis pedis artery
Supplies the foot with blood.
Lymphatic/immune system
Made of lymph, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, and lymph vessels that act as an aid to the blood system.
Pituitary gland
Most complex of the endocrine system. Affects almost every physiological process of the body: growth, blood pressure, contraction during child birth, breast milk production, sex organ function, thyroid gland function, and the conversion of food into energy.
