Chapter 2 - Fundamentals of Chemistry

Question 1

What do acids do to hydrogen ions?

Answer 1

donate them

Question 2

What do bases do to hydrogen ions?

Answer 2

accept them

Question 3

What is the range of the pH scale?

Answer 3

0-14

Question 4

What is the value of a normal pH?

Answer 4

7

Question 5

Where do acids fall on the pH scale?

Answer 5

below 7

Question 6

Where do bases fall on the pH scale?

Answer 6

above 7

Question 7

What exactly is pH?

Answer 7

pH numbers are the inverse log of the concentration of hydrogen ions

Question 8

The 0-14 pH scale is based on what?

Answer 8

The equilibrium of hydrogen ions to hydroxide ions in water.

Question 9

The more acidic a substance is, what happens to the hydrogen ion concentration?

Answer 9

hydrogen ion concentration goes up

Question 10

Many biological processes are controlled by what?

Answer 10

pH

Question 11

What are buffers?

Answer 11

chemicals that can be used to slow down pH changes by tying up hydrogen or hydroxide ions

Question 12

Chemical reactions involve what?

Answer 12

making and/or breaking chemical bonds

Question 13

What is catabolism?

Answer 13

the breakdown of substances resulting in released energy (exergonic)

Question 14

What is anabolism?

Answer 14

synthesis of substances that requires energy (endergonic)

Question 15

What are organic molecules?

Answer 15

those containing at least carbon and hydrogen

Question 16

What are some examples of organic molecules?

Answer 16

lipids
carbs
proteins
nucleic acids

Question 17

What is a functional group?

Answer 17

part of a molecule that can react in a chemical reaction

Question 18

What are the four functional groups of oxygen?

Answer 18

alcohols (-OH)
aldehydes (-CO at end of reaction)
ketones (-CO somewhere within chain)
organic acids (-COOH)

Question 19

What is the key group without oxygen?

Answer 19

amino group (-NH2)