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OT420 Neuroscience for Med Studies > Chapter 2: Functional Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Functional Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroaxis & anatomical orientations:
- Rostral/Caudal
- Dorsal/Ventral
- Medial/Lateral
- Superior/Inferior
- Proximal/Distal

A
  • anterior (front)/posterior (back)
  • towards back or top/towards belly or bottom
  • middle/side
  • above/below
  • close/far
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2
Q

Anatomical orientations:
- Afferent/Efferent

A
  • arrive, bring info in/exiting, info leaving
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3
Q

Laterality:
- Bilateral
- Unilateral
- Contralateral
- Ipsilateral

A
  • both sides
  • one side
  • opposite sides
  • same side
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4
Q

The brain is ________ ________.

A

bilaterally symmetrical

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5
Q

The hemispheres of the brain are __________.

A

contralateral

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6
Q

Orientations for viewing brain & body:
- Horizontal plane
- Sagittal plane
- Coronal plane

A
  • (axial plane) divides the brain into an upper and lower part
  • bisects the body into right and left halves
  • (frontal plane) divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) regions
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7
Q

What makes up the nervous system?

A

specialized cells: neurons & glia

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8
Q

Neurons

A
  • building blocks of the brain (information-processing and information-transmitting element)
  • come in many shapes and sizes
  • 86 billion neurons
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9
Q

What is the anatomy of a neuron?

A
  • dendrites
  • soma (cell body)
      • nucleus
  • axon hillock
  • axon
      • myelin sheath
      • nodes of ranvier
  • axon terminal (terminal button)
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10
Q

Soma (cell body)

A
  • performs most metabolic functions
  • nucleus contains chromosomes
      • chromosomes: strands of DNA and genes: sections of the chromosome that code for specific proteins
  • experience can change genes!
      • epigenetics: control of gene expression by chromosome modifications that don’t effect actual DNA code
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11
Q

Organelles:
- Mitochondria
- Golgi apparatus
- Ribosomes

A
  • generate energy (ATP) from glucose (abundant where energy needs are greatest)
      • located in axon & axon terminal
      • neurons require large amounts of energy
  • packages cellular materials (proteins, lipids) into vesicles for transport
  • produce proteins
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12
Q

Neurons are enclosed by a ________ membrane and are filled with salty ________.

A
  • semipermeable; cytoplasm
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13
Q

Dendrites

A
  • receive information from other cells
  • covered with short dendritic spines that increase surface area
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14
Q

What are short dendritic spines?

A
  • blobs coming off each dendrite
  • increases surface area which increases communication and conversation
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15
Q

Axons

A
  • transmit electrical signals from the axon hillock (at the soma) to the terminals
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16
Q

A neuron usually has ________ axon.

A

one, but it may branch to form axon collaterals

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17
Q

Terminal buttons have ________ ________ containing ________ chemicals.

A

synaptic vesicles; neurotransmitter

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18
Q

Myelination

A
  • glial cells wrap axons with fatty sheath, myelin, to insulate and speed conduction
      • thicker myelin = faster neurotransmission
  • nodes of ranvier: gaps between sections of myelin where the axon is exposed
  • some neurons do not have myelin
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19
Q

Axon:
- Cytoskeleton
- Microtubules

A
  • a network of microtubules and neurofilaments that provide shape and structure to the cell
  • form a track along which packets of proteins travel by the action of motor proteins
      • axoplasmic transport: proteins made in the soma must be transported to the axon terminals
20
Q

Abnormalities of the cytoskeleton are one feature in the brains of people with ________ disease.

A

Alzheimer’s; the microtubule system breaks down and axons shrivel up, preventing communication between neurons

21
Q

Anterograde transport vs Retrograde transport

A
  • cell body to axon terminal
  • axon terminal to cell body
22
Q

Neurons classified by shape:
- Multipolar
- Bipolar
- Unipolar

A
  • (most common) cell body, axon, lots of dendrites
  • (relatively rare) cell body (middle), dendrite (one side), axon (other side)
  • (sensory) single process, cell body (off on the side) dendrites/axon run into each other
23
Q

Neurons classified by function:
- Motor neurons
- Sensory neurons
- Interneurons

A
  • trigger movement; control muscles
  • interact with environment; bring information to the brain
  • facilitators of conversation; link everything together
24
Q

Communication between 2 neurons occurs at ________.

A

synapses

25
Q

What are the three components of synapses?

A
  • presynaptic membrane
  • postsynaptic membrane
  • synaptic cleft
26
Q

Glial cells

A
  • support and enhance neuron functions
27
Q

Where are glial cells found?

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) & Central nervous system (CNS)

28
Q

The different types of glial cells:
- Satellite cells (don’t worry about these at this point)
- Schwann cells
- Oligodendrocytes
- Astrocytes
- Microglia
- Ependymal cells

A
  • insulate (support cell bodies)
  • outside brain and spinal cord; form myelin sheath, one cell can only produce one myelin sheath (secrete neurotrophic factors)
  • form myelin sheath, lots of feet forming many myelin sheath
  • overachiever: maintain physical function (support for CNS, blood brain barrier (BBB), neurotrophic factors, K+ neurotransmitters)
  • attacks pathogens and damaged cells; protects the brain; HULK (scavengers)
  • cerebral fluid, seaweed-like move liquid around; (create barriers between compartments)
29
Q

What glial cells does the PNS contain?

A

satellite cells (don’t worry about these at this point) & Schwann cells

30
Q

What glial cells does the CNS contain?

A
  • oligodendrocytes
  • astrocytes
  • microglia (modified immune cells)
  • ependymal cells
31
Q

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

32
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  • all parts of the nervous system found outside the skull and spinal column
      • NOT encased in bone
      • nerves
  • motor neurons transmit information from CNS to muscles, organs, and glands (efferent)
  • sensory neurons convey information from the body to CNS (afferent)
      • respond to environmental stimuli, such as light, odor, or touch
  • divisions: somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system
      • connect brain and major muscles and sensory systems (voluntary muscles)
      • nerves that control the viscera (internal organs)
          • sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions
33
Q

Anatomy of PNS:
- Motor nerves
- Sensory nerves
- Divisions of PNS:
- - Somatic nervous system
- - Autonomic nervous system

A
  • transmit information from the CNS to muscles, organs, and glands (efferents)
  • convey information from the body to CNS (afferents); respond to environmental stimuli, such as light, odor, or touch
  • somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system
      • connect brain and major muscles and sensory system (voluntary muscles)
      • nerves that primarily control the viscera (internal organs); sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions
34
Q

Cranial nerves

A
  • 12 pairs of nerves that relay sensory information to the brain or produce motor responses
      • some nerves have sensory AND motor nerves

** You will need to know the name, number, & function of each cranial nerve for unit 2! **

35
Q

Cranial nerves: name, number, and function

A
36
Q

Cranial nerves

A
37
Q

Cranial nerves

A
38
Q

Somatic nervous system

A
  • spinal nerves — 31 pairs
      • each spinal fusion is the fusion of two distinct branches, or roots: dorsal or ventral
39
Q

Dorsal root vs Ventral root

A
  • carries sensory information from the body to the spinal cord
  • carries motor information from the spinal cord to the muscles
40
Q

Autonomic nervous system:
- Sympathetic nervous system
- Parasympathetic nervous system
- Dual innervation

A
  • fight or flight (heart rate increase, sweating, heavy breathing, dilated pupils)
      • neurotransmitter: norepinephrine
  • rest & digest (think Picnic: resting & eating snacks)
      • neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
  • most organs connected to both sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system
41
Q

Automatic nervous system:
- Autonomic ganglia
- Preganglionic neuron
- Postganflionic neuron

A

the automatic nervous system spans the central and peripheral nervous systems
- groups of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS
- axons extend from the CNS and synapse in the autonomic ganglia
- axons extend from the autonomic ganglia to targets in the body

42
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A
  • the brain and spinal cord
      • encased in bone
      • neurons
  • the brain has two cerebral hemispheres (bilaterally symmetrical)
  • cerebral cortex (gyri and sulci)
      • folded outermost layer of cerebral hemispheres, comprised of neuron cell bodies, dendrites and axons)
  • corpus callosum
      • left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by a bundle of axons
43
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A
  • the brain and spinal cord
      • encased in bone
      • neurons
  • the brain has two cerebral hemispheres (bilaterally symmetrical)
  • cerebral cortex (gyri and sulci)
      • folded outermost layer of cerebral hemispheres, comprised of neuron cell bodies, dendrites and axons)
  • corpus callosum
      • left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by a bundle of axons
44
Q

Anatomy of CNS:
- Cerebral cortex
- - Gyri
- - Sulci
- Corpus callosum

A
  • folded outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres, comprised mostly of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and axons
      • physical lumps of tissue
      • folds of tissue (fissures: deep sulci)
  • left & right hemispheres are connected by a bundle of axons known as corpus callosum
45
Q

What are the lobes of the brain?

A
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
46
Q

Lobes of the brain:
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Temoral

A
  • planning, pattern recognition, humor, complex human motor
  • pain, touch, temperature, spatial navigation
  • vision processing
  • auditory processing, memory, emotions like fear

OT420 Neuroscience for Med Studies (4 decks)

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