Chapter 2: Functional Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroaxis & anatomical orientations:
- Rostral/Caudal
- Dorsal/Ventral
- Medial/Lateral
- Superior/Inferior
- Proximal/Distal

A
  • anterior (front)/posterior (back)
  • towards back or top/towards belly or bottom
  • middle/side
  • above/below
  • close/far
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2
Q

Anatomical orientations:
- Afferent/Efferent

A
  • arrive, bring info in/exiting, info leaving
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3
Q

Laterality:
- Bilateral
- Unilateral
- Contralateral
- Ipsilateral

A
  • both sides
  • one side
  • opposite sides
  • same side
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4
Q

The brain is ________ ________.

A

bilaterally symmetrical

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5
Q

The hemispheres of the brain are __________.

A

contralateral

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6
Q

Orientations for viewing brain & body:
- Horizontal plane
- Sagittal plane
- Coronal plane

A
  • (axial plane) divides the brain into an upper and lower part
  • bisects the body into right and left halves
  • (frontal plane) divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) regions
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7
Q

What makes up the nervous system?

A

specialized cells: neurons & glia

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8
Q

Neurons

A
  • building blocks of the brain (information-processing and information-transmitting element)
  • come in many shapes and sizes
  • 86 billion neurons
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9
Q

What is the anatomy of a neuron?

A
  • dendrites
  • soma (cell body)
      • nucleus
  • axon hillock
  • axon
      • myelin sheath
      • nodes of ranvier
  • axon terminal (terminal button)
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10
Q

Soma (cell body)

A
  • performs most metabolic functions
  • nucleus contains chromosomes
      • chromosomes: strands of DNA and genes: sections of the chromosome that code for specific proteins
  • experience can change genes!
      • epigenetics: control of gene expression by chromosome modifications that don’t effect actual DNA code
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11
Q

Organelles:
- Mitochondria
- Golgi apparatus
- Ribosomes

A
  • generate energy (ATP) from glucose (abundant where energy needs are greatest)
      • located in axon & axon terminal
      • neurons require large amounts of energy
  • packages cellular materials (proteins, lipids) into vesicles for transport
  • produce proteins
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12
Q

Neurons are enclosed by a ________ membrane and are filled with salty ________.

A
  • semipermeable; cytoplasm
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13
Q

Dendrites

A
  • receive information from other cells
  • covered with short dendritic spines that increase surface area
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14
Q

What are short dendritic spines?

A
  • blobs coming off each dendrite
  • increases surface area which increases communication and conversation
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15
Q

Axons

A
  • transmit electrical signals from the axon hillock (at the soma) to the terminals
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16
Q

A neuron usually has ________ axon.

A

one, but it may branch to form axon collaterals

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17
Q

Terminal buttons have ________ ________ containing ________ chemicals.

A

synaptic vesicles; neurotransmitter

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18
Q

Myelination

A
  • glial cells wrap axons with fatty sheath, myelin, to insulate and speed conduction
      • thicker myelin = faster neurotransmission
  • nodes of ranvier: gaps between sections of myelin where the axon is exposed
  • some neurons do not have myelin
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19
Q

Axon:
- Cytoskeleton
- Microtubules

A
  • a network of microtubules and neurofilaments that provide shape and structure to the cell
  • form a track along which packets of proteins travel by the action of motor proteins
      • axoplasmic transport: proteins made in the soma must be transported to the axon terminals
20
Q

Abnormalities of the cytoskeleton are one feature in the brains of people with ________ disease.

A

Alzheimer’s; the microtubule system breaks down and axons shrivel up, preventing communication between neurons

21
Q

Anterograde transport vs Retrograde transport

A
  • cell body to axon terminal
  • axon terminal to cell body
22
Q

Neurons classified by shape:
- Multipolar
- Bipolar
- Unipolar

A
  • (most common) cell body, axon, lots of dendrites
  • (relatively rare) cell body (middle), dendrite (one side), axon (other side)
  • (sensory) single process, cell body (off on the side) dendrites/axon run into each other
23
Q

Neurons classified by function:
- Motor neurons
- Sensory neurons
- Interneurons

A
  • trigger movement; control muscles
  • interact with environment; bring information to the brain
  • facilitators of conversation; link everything together
24
Q

Communication between 2 neurons occurs at ________.

25
What are the three components of synapses?
- presynaptic membrane - postsynaptic membrane - synaptic cleft
26
Glial cells
- support and enhance neuron functions
27
Where are glial cells found?
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) & Central nervous system (CNS)
28
The different types of glial cells: - Satellite cells (don’t worry about these at this point) - Schwann cells - Oligodendrocytes - Astrocytes - Microglia - Ependymal cells
- insulate (support cell bodies) - outside brain and spinal cord; form myelin sheath, one cell can only produce one myelin sheath (secrete neurotrophic factors) - form myelin sheath, lots of feet forming many myelin sheath - overachiever: maintain physical function (support for CNS, blood brain barrier (BBB), neurotrophic factors, K+ neurotransmitters) - attacks pathogens and damaged cells; protects the brain; HULK (scavengers) - cerebral fluid, seaweed-like move liquid around; (create barriers between compartments)
29
What glial cells does the PNS contain?
satellite cells (don’t worry about these at this point) & Schwann cells
30
What glial cells does the CNS contain?
- oligodendrocytes - astrocytes - microglia (modified immune cells) - ependymal cells
31
What are the divisions of the nervous system?
Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
32
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- all parts of the nervous system found outside the skull and spinal column - - NOT encased in bone - - nerves - motor neurons transmit information from CNS to muscles, organs, and glands (efferent) - sensory neurons convey information from the body to CNS (afferent) - - respond to environmental stimuli, such as light, odor, or touch - divisions: somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system - - connect brain and major muscles and sensory systems (voluntary muscles) - - nerves that control the viscera (internal organs) - - - sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions
33
Anatomy of PNS: - Motor nerves - Sensory nerves - Divisions of PNS: - - Somatic nervous system - - Autonomic nervous system
- transmit information from the CNS to muscles, organs, and glands (efferents) - convey information from the body to CNS (afferents); respond to environmental stimuli, such as light, odor, or touch - somatic nervous system & autonomic nervous system - - connect brain and major muscles and sensory system (voluntary muscles) - - nerves that primarily control the viscera (internal organs); sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions
34
Cranial nerves
- 12 pairs of nerves that relay sensory information to the brain or produce motor responses - - some nerves have sensory AND motor nerves ** You will need to know the name, number, & function of each cranial nerve for unit 2! **
35
Cranial nerves: name, number, and function
36
Cranial nerves
37
Cranial nerves
38
Somatic nervous system
- spinal nerves — 31 pairs - - each spinal fusion is the fusion of two distinct branches, or roots: dorsal or ventral
39
Dorsal root vs Ventral root
- carries sensory information from the body to the spinal cord - carries motor information from the spinal cord to the muscles
40
Autonomic nervous system: - Sympathetic nervous system - Parasympathetic nervous system - Dual innervation
- fight or flight (heart rate increase, sweating, heavy breathing, dilated pupils) - - neurotransmitter: norepinephrine - rest & digest (think Picnic: resting & eating snacks) - - neurotransmitter: acetylcholine - most organs connected to both sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system
41
Automatic nervous system: - Autonomic ganglia - Preganglionic neuron - Postganflionic neuron
the automatic nervous system spans the central and peripheral nervous systems - groups of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS - axons extend from the CNS and synapse in the autonomic ganglia - axons extend from the autonomic ganglia to targets in the body
42
Central nervous system (CNS)
- the brain and spinal cord - - encased in bone - - neurons - the brain has two cerebral hemispheres (bilaterally symmetrical) - cerebral cortex (gyri and sulci) - - folded outermost layer of cerebral hemispheres, comprised of neuron cell bodies, dendrites and axons) - corpus callosum - - left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by a bundle of axons
43
Central nervous system (CNS)
- the brain and spinal cord - - encased in bone - - neurons - the brain has two cerebral hemispheres (bilaterally symmetrical) - cerebral cortex (gyri and sulci) - - folded outermost layer of cerebral hemispheres, comprised of neuron cell bodies, dendrites and axons) - corpus callosum - - left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by a bundle of axons
44
Anatomy of CNS: - Cerebral cortex - - Gyri - - Sulci - Corpus callosum
- folded outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres, comprised mostly of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and axons - - physical lumps of tissue - - folds of tissue (fissures: deep sulci) - left & right hemispheres are connected by a bundle of axons known as corpus callosum
45
What are the lobes of the brain?
- frontal - parietal - occipital - temporal
46
Lobes of the brain: - Frontal - Parietal - Occipital - Temoral
- planning, pattern recognition, humor, complex human motor - pain, touch, temperature, spatial navigation - vision processing - auditory processing, memory, emotions like fear