Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Organic Chemistry > Chapter 2: Functional Groups and Nomenclature > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Functional Groups and Nomenclature Flashcards

1
Q

what are functional groups

A
  • a collection of specific atoms connected in a specific way
  • molecules featuring the same functional group will undergo the same reactions
  • knowing the reactivity of the functional groups allows us to predict what transformations will occur, even for new molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

aldehyde

A

c double bonded with oygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

alkanes

A
  • are made up of single bonds
    (C-C and C-H)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

alkenes

A
  • are functional groups with double bonds between two carbons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

alkynes

A
  • functional groups with triple bonds between two carbons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

aromatic rings

A
  • are functional groups with a ring with altering single and double bonds between bonds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols

A
  • alcohols are functional groups where a carbon is connected to an oxygen, which is then connected to a hydrogen
  • subdivided based on the number of carbons bonded to the main carbon of the alcohol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ethers

A
  • are functional groups where a carbon is connected to an oxygen, which is then connected to another carbon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

aldehydes

A
  • are functional groups where a carbon is double bonded to an oxygen and is connected to a hydrogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ketones

A
  • are functional groups where a carbon is double bonded to an oxygen and is connected to two other carbons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

carboxylic acid

A
  • are functional groups where a carbon is double bonded to an oxygen and is connected to another oxygen which is connected to a hydrogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

esters

A
  • are functional groups where a carbon is double bonded to an oxygen and is connected to another oxygen which is connected to another carbon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

acid halides

A

are functional groups where a carbon is double bonded to an oxygen and is connected to a halogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hydrates

A
  • functional groups where a carbon is connected to two oxygens and both oxygens are connected to hydrogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hemiacetals

A
  • functional groups where a carbon is connected to two oxygens and one oxygen is connected to another carbon, one to a hydrogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

acetals

A
  • functional groups where a carbon is connected to two oxygens and both oxygens are connected to other carbons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

amides

A
  • functional groups where a carbon is double bonded to an oxygen and connected to a nitrogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

amines

A
  • are functional groups where a nitrogen is connected to carbons and/or hydrogens
  • subdivisions based on the number of carbons attracted to the nitrogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

nitros

A
  • functional groups where a nitrogen is double bonded to an oxygen and is connected to another oxygen
  • the atoms have formal charges, but overall the functional group is natural
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

nitriles

A

functional groups where a nitrogen is triple bonded to a carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

imines

A
  • functional groups where a nitrogen is double bonded to a carbon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

halides

A

functional groups where a halogen is connected to carbon
- subdivided based on the halogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

thio equivalents

A

if there is a sulfur instead of an oxygen in a group

24
Q

carbonyl group

A
  • carbon double bonded to oxygen with (two other things) very common
  • carbonlys are nor functional groups on their own
25
Q

intermolecular forces

A
  • two or more molecules can attract each other through intermolecular forces
  • all these intermolecular forces are the result of the attraction of opposite charges
  • functional groups play a big role in intermolecular forces
26
Q

electrostatic interactions

A
  • electrostatic interactions arise from permanent (formal) charges
  • a positive charge (cation) is attracted to a negative charge (anion)
27
Q

dipole - dipole

A
  • interactions arise from permanent (partial charges) (polar bonds)
  • a partial positive is attracted to a partial negative
  • these are usually the second strongest intermolecular forces
28
Q

hydrogen bonding

A
  • is a type of dipole dipole interaction that is so common it gets its own name
  • the partial positive is on a hydrogen attached to a heteroatom ( O or N)
  • the partial negative is on another heteroatom (O or N)
29
Q

hydrogen bonding

A
  • molecules that have a lone pair on an electronegative heteroatom are hydrogen bond acceptors
  • molecules that have a hydroogen attached to an electronegative heteroatom are hydrogen bond donars
30
Q

disperson

A
  • dispersion arises from temporary (partial charges)
  • the electron density cloud around methane is fairly even
  • they are not all around each area they all just move loads
  • at any point the electrons are randomly distributed in the cloud
  • random means sometimes there are areas with more that usual and areas with less than usual
  • they temporarily have partial negative and partial positive charges
31
Q

boiling and melting effects

A
  • attractive forces from a molecule to another equivalent of itself can affect melting and boiling points
  • when things melt/boil, the molecules get further apart. more intermolecular forces (attraction) means more energy and heat needed to more them apart
  • dispersion is a weak force, but enough dispersion can have an effect
  • the heavier the molesule the less dispersion there is and the easier it is to handle
  • the lighter the molecule (gas) the more difficult it is to handle
32
Q

dispersion of forces

A
  • having substitutes decreases how close two molecules can get, so it reduces the amount of dispersion interactions
  • similar carbon numbers and weight the only difference is the dispersion of forces
33
Q

what is the order of forces to weakest to strongest

A
  • dispersion, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding and electrostaitic
34
Q

soluability effects

A
  • attractive forces from a molecule to molecules of solvent can affect solubility
  • easiesy way to remeber the trend is “like dissolves like” (molecules prefer solvents with similar intermolecular forces
  • not all forces affect solubility equally, so it is easier to classify solvents and molecules
35
Q

how to classify solvents

A

solvents are generally classed using two parameters
polar vs non polar ( whether is does or does not have a permanent net dipole)
protic or aprotic (whether or not is can donate a hydrogen bond)

36
Q

hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity

A
  • water is so common that there are special terms to refer to whether compounds (or parts of compounds) like to dissolve in it (hydrophilic = water loving) or not (hydrophobic = water fearing)
  • anything that increases electrostatic and dipole dipole (hydrogen bonding) interactions increase hydrophilicity
  • anything that decreases dispersion increases hydrophilicity
37
Q

basics in nomenclature

A
  1. a prefix = coming off the main chain
  2. root name = how many C are in each
  3. suffix = which functional group/ groups are represented
38
Q

1 carbon

A

meth

39
Q

2 carbons

A

eth

40
Q

3 carbons

A

prop

41
Q

4 carbons

A

but

42
Q

5 carbons

A

pent

43
Q

6 carbons

A

hex

44
Q

7 carbons

A

hept

45
Q

8 carbons

A

oct

46
Q

9 carbons

A

non

47
Q

10 carbons

A

dec

48
Q

branched alkanes

A
  • alkane substituents are named using the appropriate root name and adding yl at the end
  • numbering is done so that the substituent gets the smallest number
  • if there is more than one substituent = numbering starts at end of chain closest to the branching point (substituents are listed in alphabetical order
49
Q

greek numerical prefixes

A
  • is more than one identical substituent use the prefixes di, tri or tetra
50
Q

cyclic alkanes

A
  • prefix cyclo is used for compounds a hydrocarbon ring
  • if there is only one substituent no number is needed
51
Q

alkenes

A

the suffix is ene
- position of the alkene on chain indicated by number
- more than one alkene = diene or triene
- double bond

52
Q

alkynes

A
  • triple bond
  • the suffix is yne
  • if both alkene and alkyne are present it is an enyne
53
Q

priority and functional groups are indicated with prefix or suffix, depending on priority,

A

the suffix comes from the group with the highest priority

54
Q

highest to lowest priority

A
  • carboxylic - oic acid
  • aldehyde - al
  • ketone - one
  • alcohol - ol
  • amine - amine (NH2)
  • halide - fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo
55
Q

numbering cycloalkanes

A
  • numbering starts at the highest
  • proceeds clockwise or counter clockwise to give the other groups the smallest possible numbers
  • the label 1 doesnt have to be written
56
Q

cycloalkenes

A
  • with multiple substituents, numbering starts at the highest priority first group and proceeds clockwise or counterclockwise
  • giving the alkene the smallest possible number
57
Q
A

Organic Chemistry (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions