Chapter 2: Functional Groups and Nomenclature Flashcards
1
Q
what are functional groups
A
- a collection of specific atoms connected in a specific way
- molecules featuring the same functional group will undergo the same reactions
- knowing the reactivity of the functional groups allows us to predict what transformations will occur, even for new molecules
2
Q
aldehyde
A
c double bonded with oygen
3
Q
alkanes
A
- are made up of single bonds
(C-C and C-H)
4
Q
alkenes
A
- are functional groups with double bonds between two carbons
5
Q
alkynes
A
- functional groups with triple bonds between two carbons
6
Q
aromatic rings
A
- are functional groups with a ring with altering single and double bonds between bonds
7
Q
primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
A
- alcohols are functional groups where a carbon is connected to an oxygen, which is then connected to a hydrogen
- subdivided based on the number of carbons bonded to the main carbon of the alcohol
8
Q
ethers
A
- are functional groups where a carbon is connected to an oxygen, which is then connected to another carbon
9
Q
aldehydes
A
- are functional groups where a carbon is double bonded to an oxygen and is connected to a hydrogen
10
Q
ketones
A
- are functional groups where a carbon is double bonded to an oxygen and is connected to two other carbons
11
Q
carboxylic acid
A
- are functional groups where a carbon is double bonded to an oxygen and is connected to another oxygen which is connected to a hydrogen
12
Q
esters
A
- are functional groups where a carbon is double bonded to an oxygen and is connected to another oxygen which is connected to another carbon
13
Q
acid halides
A
are functional groups where a carbon is double bonded to an oxygen and is connected to a halogen
14
Q
hydrates
A
- functional groups where a carbon is connected to two oxygens and both oxygens are connected to hydrogens
15
Q
hemiacetals
A
- functional groups where a carbon is connected to two oxygens and one oxygen is connected to another carbon, one to a hydrogen
16
Q
acetals
A
- functional groups where a carbon is connected to two oxygens and both oxygens are connected to other carbons
17
Q
amides
A
- functional groups where a carbon is double bonded to an oxygen and connected to a nitrogen
18
Q
amines
A
- are functional groups where a nitrogen is connected to carbons and/or hydrogens
- subdivisions based on the number of carbons attracted to the nitrogen
19
Q
nitros
A
- functional groups where a nitrogen is double bonded to an oxygen and is connected to another oxygen
- the atoms have formal charges, but overall the functional group is natural
20
Q
nitriles
A
functional groups where a nitrogen is triple bonded to a carbon
21
Q
imines
A
- functional groups where a nitrogen is double bonded to a carbon
22
Q
halides
A
functional groups where a halogen is connected to carbon
- subdivided based on the halogen
23
Q
thio equivalents
A
if there is a sulfur instead of an oxygen in a group
24
Q
carbonyl group
A
- carbon double bonded to oxygen with (two other things) very common
- carbonlys are nor functional groups on their own
25
Q
intermolecular forces
A
- two or more molecules can attract each other through intermolecular forces
- all these intermolecular forces are the result of the attraction of opposite charges
- functional groups play a big role in intermolecular forces
26
Q
electrostatic interactions
A
- electrostatic interactions arise from permanent (formal) charges
- a positive charge (cation) is attracted to a negative charge (anion)
27
Q
dipole - dipole
A
- interactions arise from permanent (partial charges) (polar bonds)
- a partial positive is attracted to a partial negative
- these are usually the second strongest intermolecular forces
28
Q
hydrogen bonding
A
- is a type of dipole dipole interaction that is so common it gets its own name
- the partial positive is on a hydrogen attached to a heteroatom ( O or N)
- the partial negative is on another heteroatom (O or N)
29
Q
hydrogen bonding
A
- molecules that have a lone pair on an electronegative heteroatom are hydrogen bond acceptors
- molecules that have a hydroogen attached to an electronegative heteroatom are hydrogen bond donars
30
Q
disperson
A
- dispersion arises from temporary (partial charges)
- the electron density cloud around methane is fairly even
- they are not all around each area they all just move loads
- at any point the electrons are randomly distributed in the cloud
- random means sometimes there are areas with more that usual and areas with less than usual
- they temporarily have partial negative and partial positive charges
31
Q
boiling and melting effects
A
- attractive forces from a molecule to another equivalent of itself can affect melting and boiling points
- when things melt/boil, the molecules get further apart. more intermolecular forces (attraction) means more energy and heat needed to more them apart
- dispersion is a weak force, but enough dispersion can have an effect
- the heavier the molesule the less dispersion there is and the easier it is to handle
- the lighter the molecule (gas) the more difficult it is to handle
32
Q
dispersion of forces
A
- having substitutes decreases how close two molecules can get, so it reduces the amount of dispersion interactions
- similar carbon numbers and weight the only difference is the dispersion of forces
33
Q
what is the order of forces to weakest to strongest
A
- dispersion, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding and electrostaitic
34
Q
soluability effects
A
- attractive forces from a molecule to molecules of solvent can affect solubility
- easiesy way to remeber the trend is “like dissolves like” (molecules prefer solvents with similar intermolecular forces
- not all forces affect solubility equally, so it is easier to classify solvents and molecules
35
Q
how to classify solvents
A
solvents are generally classed using two parameters
polar vs non polar ( whether is does or does not have a permanent net dipole)
protic or aprotic (whether or not is can donate a hydrogen bond)
36
Q
hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity
A
- water is so common that there are special terms to refer to whether compounds (or parts of compounds) like to dissolve in it (hydrophilic = water loving) or not (hydrophobic = water fearing)
- anything that increases electrostatic and dipole dipole (hydrogen bonding) interactions increase hydrophilicity
- anything that decreases dispersion increases hydrophilicity
37
Q
basics in nomenclature
A
- a prefix = coming off the main chain
- root name = how many C are in each
- suffix = which functional group/ groups are represented
38
Q
1 carbon
A
meth
39
Q
2 carbons
A
eth
40
Q
3 carbons
A
prop
41
Q
4 carbons
A
but
42
Q
5 carbons
A
pent
43
Q
6 carbons
A
hex
44
Q
7 carbons
A
hept
45
Q
8 carbons
A
oct
46
Q
9 carbons
A
non
47
Q
10 carbons
A
dec
48
Q
branched alkanes
A
- alkane substituents are named using the appropriate root name and adding yl at the end
- numbering is done so that the substituent gets the smallest number
- if there is more than one substituent = numbering starts at end of chain closest to the branching point (substituents are listed in alphabetical order
49
Q
greek numerical prefixes
A
- is more than one identical substituent use the prefixes di, tri or tetra
50
Q
cyclic alkanes
A
- prefix cyclo is used for compounds a hydrocarbon ring
- if there is only one substituent no number is needed
51
Q
alkenes
A
the suffix is ene
- position of the alkene on chain indicated by number
- more than one alkene = diene or triene
- double bond
52
Q
alkynes
A
- triple bond
- the suffix is yne
- if both alkene and alkyne are present it is an enyne
53
Q
priority and functional groups are indicated with prefix or suffix, depending on priority,
A
the suffix comes from the group with the highest priority
54
Q
highest to lowest priority
A
- carboxylic - oic acid
- aldehyde - al
- ketone - one
- alcohol - ol
- amine - amine (NH2)
- halide - fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo
55
Q
numbering cycloalkanes
A
- numbering starts at the highest
- proceeds clockwise or counter clockwise to give the other groups the smallest possible numbers
- the label 1 doesnt have to be written
56
Q
cycloalkenes
A
- with multiple substituents, numbering starts at the highest priority first group and proceeds clockwise or counterclockwise
- giving the alkene the smallest possible number
57
Q
A
