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biology > Chapter 2 flashcards > Flashcards

Chapter 2 flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

solute

A

the substance that is dissolved

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1
Q

solution

A

a mixture composed of two or more elements or compounds where all components are evenly distributed.

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2
Q

solvent

A

the substance in which a solute is dissolved.

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3
Q

waters polarity

A

It gives water the ability to dissolve both ionic and polar covalent solutes.

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4
Q

dissociation of water

A

a natural phenomena where both hydronium ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) are momentarily created.

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5
Q

Pure water has a Ph of

A

7

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6
Q

Ph scale

A

A logarithmic scale that measures the concentration of hydroxide or hydronium.

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7
Q

acid

A

a compound that produces hydrinium ions in water thus increasing the concentration of H+

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8
Q

Base

A

any compound that produces hydroxide ions in water thus increasing the concentration of Oh-

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9
Q

buffers

A

compounds that are able to react with both hydronium and hydroxide ions thus not allowing their concentrations to rise erratically.

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10
Q

blood maintains it Ph levels close to…

A

7.4

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11
Q

carbon can bond with

A

1) itself (Unlimited bonds.)

2) many elements including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen.

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12
Q

Macro-molecule

A

made from thousands of smaller molecules

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13
Q

Monomer

A

smaller units which add up to form a macro-molecule

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14
Q

polymer

A

made from the connection of many monomers together

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15
Q

How are carbohydrates used

A

living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy and some use carbohydrates for structural purposes.

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16
Q

Monosaccharides

A

made up of one only sugar (known as simple sugars)

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17
Q

Polysaccharides

A

the larger macro-molecules formed from monosaccharides also known as complex sugars.

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18
Q

glycogen

A

a polysaccharide that animals use to store excess food.

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19
Q

starch

A

a complex sugar that plants use to store their excess food.

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20
Q

what are lipids used for

A

they are used to tore energy, some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and water proof coverings in plants.

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21
Q

triglycerides

A

A compound that mammals form from lipids in their body.

22
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

a fatty acid in which there is at least one carbon to carbon double bond.

23
Q

saturated fat

A

an acid in which all carbons are connected by single bonds.

24
Q

Nucleic acid

A

macro-molecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and phosphorus.

25
Q

nucleotide

A

the monomer of nucleic acids, composed of a sugar compound, bonded to a phosphate compound, bonded to a nitrogenous base.

26
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acid

A

DNA and RNA

27
Q

Proteins

A

macro-molecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

28
Q

amino acids

A

the monomers that make up proteins ;compounds with an amino group (-Nh2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end.

29
Q

How many amino acids are there

A

20

30
Q

Peptide bonds

A

covalent bonds that together form polypeptides.

31
Q

relationship between polypeptides and a protein

A

a protein is a functional molecule built from one or more polypeptide.

32
Q

The roles of proteins

A

1) Some regulate cell processes
2) Others form important cellular structures
3) others transport cells into or out if cells.

33
Q

R-group

A

a side chain in which amino acids differ from each other and these amino acids have a range of different properties including polarity, acidic, basic.

34
Q

Primary structure

A

Is guided simply by the sequence of amino acids

35
Q

Secondary structure

A

Is formed by the folding and coiling of the polypeptide chains due to charge and polar to polar or non-polar to non-polar interaction.

36
Q

Tertiary structure

A

the complete three dimensional arrangement of a polypeptide chain.

37
Q

Quaternary structure

A

some proteins are composed of multiple three dimensional polypeptide structures.

38
Q

Chemical reactions

A

A process that changes or transforms one set of chemicals into another

39
Q

In chemical reactions, mass and energy are…

A

conserved

40
Q

reactants

A

elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

41
Q

products

A

the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

42
Q

What do chemical reactions involve

A

changes in the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds.

43
Q

energy in reactions

A

chemical reactions that release energy that release energy often occur on their own or spontaneously

44
Q

How do organisms stay alive

A

the carry out reactions that require energy

45
Q

How do plants stay alive

A

they get energy from trapping and storing energy from the sun in a compound they make called sugar or carbohydrate

46
Q

How do animals stay alive

A

they get energy from consuming either plants or animals

47
Q

activation energy

A

the amount of energy necessary to start a reaction

48
Q

What is a function of activation energy

A

prevents subsequent reaction from acting out of control.

49
Q

enzymes

A

proteins that act as biological catalysts, thus speeding up a reaction and lowering the activation energy of the reaction.

50
Q

enzyme substrate complex

A

1) When a specific enzyme binds with its substrate, an enzyme substrate complex is formed until the reaction is catalyzed and the product released.
2) enzymes provide a spot of groove where reactants can be brought together to react.

51
Q

substrate

A

the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

52
Q

enzyme interactions can be disrupted by…

A

1) Increase or decrease in temperature.
2) changes in Ph.
3) Regulatory molecules that alter the enzymes form.

biology (2 decks)

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