Chapter 2 Flashcards
What are the primary philosophical orientations of punishment recognized within the field of correction?
- Retribution
- Deterrence
- Incapacitation
- Treatment (rehabilitation)
These orientations guide the goals of punishment and influence sentencing decisions.
Which punishment orientations focus on the offender?
- Treatment
- Specific deterrence
These orientations aim to address the individual’s behavior and promote recovery.
Which punishment orientations focus on the crime that was committed?
- General deterrence
- Retribution
- Incapacitation
These orientations emphasize the impact of the crime and its consequences.
What is the purported reason for the widespread use of incapacitation techniques during the 1990s?
The drop in crime witnessed after the year 2000
Experts suggest that this correlation influenced the adoption of incapacitation as a strategy.
What is the primary purpose of rehabilitation in the context of punishment?
The recovery of the offender, regardless of the crime committed
This approach focuses on helping offenders reintegrate into society.
What type of sentencing schemes would be used under a rehabilitation orientation?
Indeterminate sentencing schemes
This allows for flexibility based on the offender’s progress and recovery.
Define retribution in the context of punishment.
Offenders should be punished in a way that is equal to the severity of the crime committed
This concept emphasizes justice and moral balance.
What does incapacitation aim to achieve?
Deprive offenders of their liberty and remove them from society
This ensures that offenders cannot further victimize society for a time.
What is selective incapacitation?
Identifying inmates who are of particular concern to public safety and providing them with much longer sentences.
This approach aims to protect society by focusing on high-risk offenders.
Define general deterrence.
Punishing an offender in public so other observers will refrain from criminal behavior.
General deterrence seeks to discourage the public from committing similar crimes.
What does specific deterrence aim to achieve?
The infliction of a punishment upon a specific offender to discourage them from committing future crimes.
It focuses on the individual rather than the general public.
How does rehabilitation deter reoffending?
Offenders will be deterred from reoffending due to their having worthwhile stakes in legitimate society.
This approach emphasizes reintegrating offenders back into society.
What is restorative justice?
Interventions that focus on restoring the community and the victim with involvement from the offender.
This definition was adapted from restorative justice advocate Thomas Quinn in 1998.
In restorative justice, who are considered participants in the justice process?
Victims, communities, and offenders in that order.
This approach emphasizes active roles for all participants.
What are the goals of restorative justice interventions?
Empower victims in their search for closure, impress upon offenders the real human impact of their behavior, and promote restitution to the victims and communities.
These goals aim to repair harm and facilitate healing.
What is the focus of reintegration in the criminal justice system?
The reentry of the offender into society by connecting them to legitimate areas that are gainful and productive.
Reintegration aims to reduce recidivism by facilitating a successful transition.
What significant ruling did the court make in United States versus Booker in 2005?
Federal judges were no longer required to follow the sentence and guidelines that had been in effect since 1987.
This ruling allowed for greater judicial discretion in sentencing.
What does the continuum of sanctions refer to?
A broad array of sentencing and punishment options that range from simple fines to incarceration and ultimately end with the death penalty.
This concept illustrates the varying degrees of punishment available within the justice system.
