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Responsible Business Leadership > Chapter 2: Ethical management > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Ethical management Flashcards

1
Q

What is ethics?

A

systematic consideration of right and wrong, using particular principles

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2
Q

What is morality?

A

describes norms, values and beliefs of right or wrong held by a particular person, group

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3
Q

What is ethical management?

A

means practicing management ethically and engaging in ethical practices.

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4
Q

What is a moral dilemma?

A

a situation where right or wrong is questioned through a set of alternative actions that are likelu to have a significant effect on oneself and others and where the answer is not relevant

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5
Q

How can you identify a moral dilemma?

A
  1. Will the decision have a significant effect on others?
  2. Does the decision provide choices and alternative actions
  3. IS decision perceived as ethically relevant
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6
Q

What are the different types of ethical problems?

A
  1. Genuine dilemma: moral motivation is high but ethical judgment is unclear
  2. Moral laxity: moral motivation is low and ethical judgment unclear
  3. No-problem problem: high moral motivation and clear ethical judgment
  4. Compliance problem: Clear ethical judgment and low moral motivation.
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7
Q

What is normative ethics?

A

centred on ethical theories of right and wrong to solve dilemmas. It provides universal rules to follow.

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8
Q

What is consequentialism?

A

judge by consequences of one’s actions. Only good is happiness, so aim to maximize pleasure.

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9
Q

Name the three types of normative ethics?

A
  1. Consequentialism
  2. Deontology
  3. Virtue ethics
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10
Q

What is utilitarianism?

A

bases judgment of right and wrong on what creates the greatest total happiness (utility) for all involved. This is a normative ethics theory

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11
Q

Name three consequentialist decision criteria?

A
  1. Act utilitarianism: Does this act create more happiness or pain?
  2. Rule Utilitarianism: does this behaviour in general create more pleasure or pain
  3. Distribute fairness: are costs and benefits created distributed fairly?
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12
Q

What are virtue ethics?

A

highlights that the good person living a virtuous life, character and practices will make right decisions.

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12
Q

What is deontology?

A

based on importance of duties, rules and higher moral principles

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12
Q

What is typical criticism of normative ethics and utilitarianism?

A
  • infeasibility of assessing pleasure and pain for all parties involved,
  • danger of neglecting interests of individuals and minorities,
  • fair distribution of benefits.
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13
Q

Name a typical criticism of deontology?

A

moral principles can be inflicting, if moral principles are applied too often, it lacks practicability

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14
Q

Name the three deontological decision criteria?

A
  • Universal law and the golden rule: should everybody act this way?
  • Non-instrumnentalizatoin. End in itself: Align actions with good of humanity
  • Kingdom of ends: Foundations of your actions are acceptable to every rational being.
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15
Q

Name two points of criticism of virtue ethics

A
  • Criticism of virtue ethics: incompatibility between virtue ethics and businesses as we know them, limited applicability to concrete dilemmas,
  • need to constantly re-assess the adequateness of virtues in changing world.
16
Q

What are Bragues’ main virtues of ethical management?

A
  1. To the inside (courage and self-control):
  2. To the outside (generosity, magnificence, magnanimity and sociability)
  3. Towards fairness (justice)
17
Q

How to make ethical decisions?

A
  • First establish individual factors at play: factors uniquely associated with the individual decision-maker that can be divided (demographic and psychological factors
  • Than assess situational factors: external factors that influence a decision and can be divided into issue-related and context-related components.
17
Q

What is magnaminity?

A

Humble but articulated attitude towards honour and success

18
Q

What is ethical pluralism?

A

Using multiple moral theories to create a comprehensive framework that allows you to have multiple perspectives

18
Q

What is descriptive ethics?

A

ethics to describe, understand, influence and predict moral behavior of individuals and groups.

19
Q

What is ethical management?

A

process of managing ethical problems through management tools.

20
Q

What is moral excellence?

A

Above-average ethical value creation

21
Q

What is impelemented ethics?

A

approach to measuring ethical value creation based on quantitative and qualitative level of ethics management practices implemented.

21
Q

What is ethical value creation?

A

sum of right and wrong decisions and behaviors in a specific entity and for a determined time period.

22
Q

What are the three main approaches for assessing ethical value creation?

A
  1. Moral development
  2. Implemented ethics
  3. Observed behavior
23
Q

What is observed behavior in assessing ethical value creation?

A

approach to measuring ethical value creation based on the quantitative surveys of observed ethical (mis)behavior.

24
Q

What is moral development?
And name a point of criticism?

A

Moral development: approach to measure ethical value creation based on level of ethical reasoning of decision-makers in dilemma scenario.
Criticism: measures potential cognitive ability to act ethically, but that doesn’t always lead to ethical behavior.

25
Q

What are ethical management tools?

A

managerial means to improve ethical value creation. Can be divided into mainstream ethics management and specialized ethics management

26
Q

What are mainstream ethics management tools?

A

standard management tools used throughout managerial modes and occupations to improve ethical value creation.

27
Q

Name two mainstream management tools

A
  1. Ethical misconduct in particular modes and occupations: some seem more susceptible to unethical acts. Create formal ethics policies
  2. Support ethical value creation by management
28
Q

What is specialized ethics management and give two examples?

A

tools to manage ethics throughout whole organization. Examples:
1. Moral leadership
2. Organizational structure: position ethics and compliance officers directly under external directors for greater independence from managers
3. Feedback mechanisms: whistleblowing, councils., audits etc. You have to act on claims to make it effective.

29
Q

What is ethics management behavior?

A

describes manager’s ethical behavior in his or her immediate sphere of managerial influence.

30
Q

What is an ethics program?

A

set of ethics management instruments combined to create ethical value

31
Q

What is ethical culture?

A

describes organization’s environment characterized by ethical values and behavior.

32
Q

What are the biggest challenges to creating an ethical culture?

A
  1. Organizational complexity
  2. Lack of support by middle managers
  3. Lack of appreciation of ethical culture as a business driver.
33
Q

What are the three stages of an ethical management process?

A
  1. Evaluate problem and understand alternative actions; normative ethics
  2. Explain behavior: list main drivers; descriptive ethics
  3. Apply tools: decide on ethics management tools; ethics management.
33
Q

What is an ethical management process?

A

management of ethical problems with goal of achieving maximum value creation.

34
Q

What are the principles of ethical management?

A
  1. Business ethics studies moral issues in business
  2. Business ethics is related to morality
  3. Three domains of business ethics are normative ethics. Descriptive ethics and ethics management
  4. Three major theories of moral philosophy are consequentialism, deontology and virtue ethics.
  5. Descriptive ethics describes, understands etc., based on ethical decision-making revolving around awareness, judgement, motivation and behavior.
  6. Ethics management is process of managing ethical problems to improve ethical value creation
  7. Ethical value creation can be assesses through moral development, implemented ethics and observed behavior
  8. Ethics management tools can be mainstream and specialized tools used to enforce an ethical culture.

Responsible Business Leadership (9 decks)

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