Chapter 2: Enhancing Carefiver-Infant Attachment, Interaction & Socio-communicative Development Flashcards
(Postnatal Attachment) Two significant factors that should be stressed following the birth of an infant:
- Healthy infant is most alert, responsive and especially appealing 60 to 90 min. after birth (Infant is more alert during this time than during next 6 to 8 hrs)
- Woman around the world, regardless of age or birthing practices, have the same response following birth of their child. (ie: ask about sex & health status, then request to see child)
Postnatal Attachment
An early opportunity for the mother and baby to get to know one another; essential for the process of attachment to begin.
Seeing- Touching- Holding: Seeing
Initial interest in making visual contact with baby –> leads parents to align their face in same parallel plane as the infant –> initiation of maternal caretaking responses.
Seeing- Touching- Holding: Touching & Holding
Initial touching by mother involves use of fingertips in stroking infant’s extremities –> progresses to using palm to massage/ stroke child’s trunk
Early caretaking provided by the mother is the most important factor in the formation of ____________.
Optimal Attachment
What are the three basic steps of caretaking?
- Infant makes a demand (i.e.: fussing, crying) & may represent one of several needs (ie: hunger, discomfort, fear)
- Parent attempts to meet child’s demand
- Infant responds to caretaker’s attempts to meet expressed demands
For healthy infants and involved caregivers, attachment is the __________ result of caretaking opportunity.
Natural
Six characteristics of parent infant interaction:
- Synchrony (parent adapts behavior to child’s)
- Symmetry (parent recognizes child’s capacity for attention, interaction styles & preferences)
- Contingency (Parent’s desire to interact depends on child’s desire to do so)
- Entrainment (accomplished when rhythm of interaction is established)
- Play (marks period where child learns they have control over caregivers)
- Autonomy ( accomplished over time as child becomes aware of control they have over interactions)
The ongoing process of social interaction between caregiver and infant has the potential of _______ or _______ the effects of any prenatal/postnatal difficulties.
minimizing; maximizing
Optimal child development is a process that is characterized by the interaction of _______ and _______ factors.
Biological and enviornmental
T or F: Human relationships are crucially important for a child’s physical, cognitive, and emotional development and for his full participation in society and culture.
TRUE
T or F: What goes on between a child and those close to him does not influence their development.
FALSE; What goes on between a child and those close to him is of crucial influence to a child’s development, both in general and specific domains.
Infants and caregivers who are able to form optimal patterns of interaction (synchrony) ________ potential for appropriate communication development.
Increase
Mothers and Infants, through mutual exchange, respond to each other on a variety of social and sensory levels which forms the basis for what?
The basis upon which later communication development depends
Infants come into the world uniquely ________ to interact with it.
Predisposed
(**This predisposition is coordinated with the caregiver’s readiness to meet the child’s needs & begin process of attachment & interaction)
What kind of interaction pattern does an ill infant demonstrate?
An ill infant will demonstrate a less organized orientation to the enviornment.
Less organized to the enviornment is characterized by?
- immature motor patterns
- excessive tuning out of stressful stimuli
- lessened ability to self regulate state
*these differences may pesist into the first year and beyond
Premature infants are just as responsive and organized in interactions as those born at full term. True or false?
False; Premature infants are less responsive and more disorganized in all of their interactions than full term infants.
Premature vs Full term Infants: Patterns of Interaction
Premature babies vocalize, coo, smile, look around, look at objects, cry, and play less frequently and are less attentive than full term babies.
There is a relationship between the patterns of delayed communication seen in high risk infants and early interaction patterns. T or F?
TRUE
What implications result if biological factors restrict a child’s exposure to its world or the ability to interact with it?
There are short and long term implications for the development of age appropriate communication skills.
A mother’s interaction with her infant is influenced by what?
By the infant’s contribution to their relationship
Infants help their caregivers feel and be effective by being readable, predictable, and responsive.
Do ill infants evoke caregiver responses?
Yes, but the responses differ quantitively and qualitively from those elicited by healthy children. In turn these differences have an effect on interaction patterns displayed by their mothers.
What interaction patterns do mother’s of ill infants demonstrate?
They demonstrate patterns characterized by increased anxiety, stress and depression. Mothers often report that they cry more, feel guilty, and worry more.
After several months, mothers are less responsive to infant cues, tend to be overeactive, demonstrate less affective behavior, talked less frequently to child, and show less affection.
