Chapter 2 -Engineering Concepts ( soil, materials, air and fluid, electricity) Flashcards
this term refers to hte granular material, typically sand, gravel, and crushed stone, used in a variety of construction applications
aggregate
What two groups are aggregates divided into?
fine aggregates and coarse aggregates
Numbered (No.) sieve sizes are based on the number of square openings per linear inch of sieve. For example, No. 30 sieve has 30 openings per ______ or 900 square openings per _______
linear inch
square inch
what three ingredients is concrete made of?
aggregate, water, and hydraulic cement
What is the most common type of hydraulic cement
cement
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) designates 8 types of portland cement:
Type 1 Type 1A Type 2 Type 2A Type 3 Type 3A Type 4 Type 5
Type of portland cement that is normal; general-purpose cement
Type 1
Type of portland cement that is normal, Air-Entraining and improved resistance to freeze-thaw cycles
Type 1A
Type of portland cement that is moderate sulfate resistance; used when in contact with water that has higher than normal, but not severe, sulfate concentrations
Type 2
Type of portland cement that is moderate sulfate resistance, Air-entraining with improved resistance to freeze-thaw cycles
Type 2A
Type of portland cement that is high early strength and provides high strength at an early period, usually one week or less
Type 3
Type of portland cement that is that is high early strength, air-entraining with improved resistance to freeze-thaw cycles
Type 3A
Type of portland cement that is low heat of hydration; used when rate and amount of heat during hydration must be minimized
Type 4
Type of portland cement that is that is high sulfate resistance and is used when in contact with water that has severe sulfate concentrations
Type 5
Other ingredients often added to concrete to alter the properties of concrete in various ways
admixtures
Type of admixture that improves concrete’s ability to resist freeze-thaw cycles and increase work ability of wet concrete. Commonly used in cold-weather climates that are subject to freeze thaw cycles
Air-entraining admixtures
Type of admixture that increases the workability of wet concrete without the additon of water. Commonly used in concrete overlays and patching
Water-reducing admixtures
Type of admixture that slows the curing time of concrete. Commonly used in hot weather to reduce the effects of high temperatures on curing
Retarding admixtures
Type of admixture that decreases the curing time of concrete. Commonly used to reduce setting time in cold-weather applications and to increase rate of strength development in tilt-wall construction
accelerating admixtures
Type of admixture that increases the fluidity of concrete without adding additional water. Commonly used for applications requiring very high slump, such as heavily reinforced structures.
Superplasticizers
What is the compressive strength of concrete generally expressed in? (units)
PSI
General use concrete compressive strength
3,000-5,000 psi
high-strength concrete compressive strength
6,000-20,000 psi
The specific formula and selection of materials that make up a concrete mixture
concrete mix design
concrete that is placed in its fluid state and allowed to cure (harden) and its permanent location on the jobsite
Cast-in-place concrete
This concrete mix is typically delivered by large specialty concrete trucks that slowly rotate the concrete mix to keep it from hardening during delivery
ready mix
Cast-in place concrete is commonly used for:
foundations, structural walls, slabs, sidewalks, lightweight floors, and roof deckin
Concrete that has been cast prior to placement on the job site
precast concrete
A place where concrete is cast off-site
precast plant (precast manufacturing facility)
RCP (an application for precast concrete)
reinforced concrete pipe
Applications for precast concrete
RCP, manhole structures, equipment pads, vaults, septic tanks, piles, columns, beams, parking decks, load bearing and veneer walls, planks, and lintels
uses a series of high-strength site-cast concrete wall panels that are cast atop a smooth casting slab. Once the panels have cured to approved strength, they are tilted (lifted) into place and become part of the buildings structure
tilt-wall construction
Most common forms of concrete reinforcement
Reinforcing steel bars or rebar
Welded wire fabric
Fiber reinforcement
Pre and post-tensioned concrete
Type of concrete reinforcement that is hot rolled, ribbed, round rods of steel that typically shipped in 60-ft lengths
Reinforcing steel bars or rebar
Type of concrete reinforcement that is grids of wire spaces 2in to 12 in apart, welded together, and fabricated into sheets or rolls for ease of use
Welded wire fabric
in rebar, 6 × 6 W1.4/1.4 has a grid spacing of 6 in. and a wire cross-sectional area of 1.4 hundredths of a square inch.
cool stuff man wow
Type of concrete reinforcement that is steel, fiberglass, synthetic, or natural fibers added in the concrete mix to increase strength, control cracking, and/or improve freeze-thaw resistance in concrete
Fiber reinforcement
Type of concrete reinforcement that uses tendons (typically cables in plastic sleeves) to strengthen the concrete by putting the concrete member under a compression load
Pre and post-tensioned concrete
concrete tendons are stressed at anchorage points before the concrete is placed
pretensioned concrete
tendons are stressed after the concrete has set
post-tensioned concrete
Term refers to building materials consisting of brick, block, stone, or other masonry units held together with mortar
Masonry
Two most common types of man-made masonry units
CMU (concrete masonry units)
clay bricks
Type of CMU strength that is placed at horizontal joints to help control shrinkage cracks
Joint reinforcement (look up picture)
Type of CMU strength that that is a highly fluid mixture of cement, sand, and water used to solid fill CMU cores and bond anchorage and reinforcement to surrounding masonry
Grout (look up picture)
Type of CMU strength that is used for horizontal reinforcement to incerase shear strength and distribute lateral loads. Typically laid one or more rows of rebar. commonly plaed at the top of walls, floor levels, openings, and as required for additional shear strength
bond beam (look up picture)
Type of CMU strength that is typically steel or precast concrete installed above openings and used to transfer lateral loads around openings
lintels (look up picture)
Type of CMU strength that is used to increase the thermal properties of the CMU wall. Three commonly used types are rigid foam inserts, expandable foam insualtion, and loose fill insualtion
core insualtion
Brick walls can be manufactured as:
solid, cored, hollowed, or frogged
Brick walls can be:
load bearing or non-load bearing
the thickness of brick walls are designated in terms of ______ a vertical layer of masonry units one unit thick
wythe
an exterior non-load bearing brick wall, typically used for aesthetic purposes that is anchored to a structural wall by metal ties or other anchoring methods
brick veneer wall
Masonry walls with multiple wythes of different types of masonry units. Ex) a brick veneer over a CMU wall assembly
composite walls
Conventional mortar has which 4 ingredients
sand, water, portland cement, and hydrated lime
Type of masonry mortar that is high-strength- mortar, typically used in high load areas and masonry below grade
Type M
Type of masonry mortar that is medium-high strength mortar, typically used in severe weather exposure areas with normal compressive loads
Type S
Type of masonry mortar that is medium-strength mortar, most commonly used as mortar above grade
Type N
Type of masonry mortar that is medium-low-strength mortar, typically used only for non-load-bearing interior walls and partitions
Type O
A material composed mainly of iron and less than 2% of carbon
steel
what does high carbon steel content result in?
steel that is hard and brittle
what does low carbon steel content result in?
steel that is soft and relatively weak
What does W8x18 mean
W designates the shape as wide flange
8 indicates a nominal depth of 8 inches
18 is the weight per foot of length in pounds
Two main classifications of wood
hardwoods and softwoods
wood harvested from broad-leafed deciduous trees
hardwoods
wood harvested from narrow, needle-leafed coniferous trees
softwoods
T/F: Softwoods are more abundant, less expensive, and typically used for most structural framing and sheathing, and hardwoods are used for furniture and high-end interior finishes
Treu
T/F: Wood is strong in compression in tension parallel to the grain but weak when applied perpendicular to the grain
True
The five most common types of wood products used in construction:
lumber, wood panel products, laminated wood, structural composite lumber, and wood manufactured building components
solid wood product cut directly from the log of a felled tree
lumber
boards are cut from the log to achieve maximum yield. Structural wood framing is typically cut like this
plain-sawn
boards are cut so that the grain runs perpendicular to the face of the board
quarter-saw lumber (look up picture)
T/F: Common grades of structural lumber, rated in decreasing order, are select Structural No.1, No.2, and No.3. The lower the number the better
True
Most structural lumber is cut S4S meaning
surfaced four sides
Wood product that is manufactured by adhering wood venners, strands, particles, and/or fibers together
Wood Panel products
Type of wood panel product that is made up of thin layers of wood veneers adhered together in alternating directions; typically used in floor, wall, and roof sheathing
plywood (look up picture)
Type of wood panel product that is made up of large strands of wood adhered together in layers of strands in alternating directions; typically used in floor, wall, and roof sheathing. Less expensive than plywood
OSB Oriented Strand Board (look up picture)
Type of wood panel product that is made up of wood fibers adhered together and sandwiched between outlside layers of wood veneers; typically used in cabinent construction and other none structural appliactions
Composite panels (look up picture)