Chapter 2: Elemental Electricity Flashcards
In regards to Electricity. Gases, liquids, and solids contain ? particles of ? charge. What are they?
2 particles of electrical charge
Proton and Electron
The particle that has an electrical charge with a negative polarity?
Electron
The particle that has an electrical charge with positive polarity?
Proton
What are the five forms of matter?
Gas Liquid Solid Plasma Einstein-Bose
What are the most common types of matter?
Solid
Liquid
Gas
What is the simplest form of any matter?
An Element
What is the smallest piece of an Element that has all that elements characteristics?
An atom
What are the parts of an Atom?
Proton
Electron
Neutron
What makes up the nucleus of an Atom?
Protons and Neutrons
Protons have a ? charge
Neutrons have a ? charge
The nucleus of an atom is ? charged
Positive
Neutral
Positively Charged
How can you tell the type of element?
By the number of Protons or Positive charges
What is an Isotope?
A different version of an element, that contain the same number of Protons, in the Nucleus, but a different number of Neutrons
Electrons compared to Protons are ? and ?
Bigger and lighter
Protons compared to Electrons are ? and ?
Smaller and Heavier by 1836 times
Atoms that electrically balanced mean
Posses the same number of electrons as they do protons
Electrons lines of force “flow” ?
Inwards
Protons lines of force “flow” ?
Outward
If Protons attract Electrons but push away other Protons how come the nucleus stays together?
Accepted theory of a Nuclear force called Gluon.
How do Electrons rotate about (Orbit) the Nucleus of an Atom?
Centrifugal Force.
What is the formula for the number of electrons a shell or orbital ring can hold in an atom?
2N^2
N= The number of the shell ring
What is the maximum number of electrons the 4th and 5th shell can hold?
32
The outer ring of an atom is called ? and the electrons are called ?
Valence Ring
Valence Electrons
Materials with ? are chemically unstable, this allows what?
Partially filled valence ring
Less energy needed to remove electrons from their orbit.
A material that allows current to flow easily is called a ?
conductor
A material that strongly resists the flow of electricity is called ?
an insulator
A material that falls between a conductor and insulator on the conductivity scaled is called ?
Semi-conductor
What determines a materials position on the conductivity scale?
The electrical properties of the material, in other words the amount of electrons in their valence ring
Conductors have how many valence electrons?
one or two
How does energy occur in an conductor?
A valence electron is knocked from the valence ring it occupies and collides with a neighboring atom’s valence electron, this causes one electron to take the place of the another. This collision create energy. The energy is not completely transferred and is lost in the form of resistance. The resistance is from the attraction of nucleus.
How many valence electrons do insulators have?
7 or 8
Insulators are have very stable atoms because ?
The valence shell or ring is very full. It requires a tremendous amount of energy to break electrons free of their orbits
Semi Conductors have ? electrons in the outermost ring.
Four
Explain why Semiconductors on an atomic level.
Semiconductors have four valence electrons, this is half the stable condition of eight electrons in the valence ring. They neither gain nor lose electrons, but share them with other similar atoms.
What causes change in the conductivity of all materials?
Heat
What happens when an insulator or semiconductor is heated?
The resistance of the material goes down. Causing them to become a better conductor,
Complete this statement: Heat is energy and as it adds to the total amount of energy, a ________________
smaller amount of external energy is needed to break the electrons free.
What happens when a conductor is heated?
The resistance goes up.
What is a molecule?
A group of two or more atoms.
What is a compound?
A makeup of two or more elements.
What are Ions?
Ions are atoms that gain or lose electrons
What is a positive Ion?
An atom that has lost electrons
What is a negative Ions?
An atom that has gained electrons
What is Ionization?
The process of losing or gaining electrons
In gases or liquids, electrical flow is caused by ?
individual ions rather than individual atoms.
Why is chlorine not considered a metal?
On an atomic level chlorine has seven valence electrons, this is more considered an insulator.
Why is magnesium considered a metal?
Magnesium has two valence electrons, this makes it an excellent conductor.
What is an electrolyte?
Any materials that will dissolve into ions when immersed in a liquid, causing that liquid to become an electrical conductor.
What are the six external forces that causes electron to move from one atom to another?
Friction Chemical Heat Pressure Light Magnetism
Electricity can be used to create ?
Chemical action Heat Pressure Light Magnetic Fields
What is triboelectricity?
The change of electrons through friction.
What is the source of Static Electricity?
Friction
What does Static mean?
Electricity is merely stored and is at rest.
What is the best example of a chemical source of electricity?
A battery
There are two types of Batteries? What are they and what are their properties?
Primary Cell: Can not be charged
Secondary Cell: Can be charges several times
How is a battery recharged?
The chemical action that allows electric current to be drawn from the battery is reversed.
What is the name of the special wire, that is designed to heat when current flows, used in toasters, dryers, etc.
Nichrome
What is a Thermocouple?
A junction of two dissimilar metals that creates electrical potential when heated.
What is Thermoelectricity?
Electricity created by heat.
What determines whether a piezoelectric device requires a bending pressure or a twisting action?
The cut of the crystal
What is piezoelectricity>
Electricity derived from pressure.
What are photons?
Small particles of energy from Light
What is photoelectricity?
Electricity derived from light.
What are the three types of photoelectric effects?
Photoemission
Photovoltaic
Photoconductive
What is photoemission?
When photon strike the surface of a material, electrons are released in a vacuum tube. A positive plate placed in the tube will cause electrons to flow towards that plate. More electrons will flow with greater light energy.
What is photovoltaic?
When photons strike one of two photosensitive plates that are joined together, electrons move from the plate that is bombarded by the light energy to the adjacent plate. Solar Cell
What is Photoconductive?
When photons bombard some types of materials that are normally poor conductors, electrons are freed from the valence ring to produce current flow. This happens in photocells
What are the four methods of producing light with electricity?
Electroluminescence- Current passing through gas (neon lights)
Phosphorescence- Electron beam striking a phosphor covered surface
Fluorescence- Electroluminescence and Phosphorescence combined
PN junction Luminescence- LEDs
Connection some types of electrical or electronic equipment with their indicated polarities reversed can ?
Result in the damage to or destruction of the equipment being used.
In a circuit, the polarity of components is determined how?
Tracing the current path, starting from the negative side of the power source.
What can occur from underrating a cable?
The insulation for the cable could deteriorate, even to the point of becoming a fire hazard.
What are quarks?
Smaller sub particles of the proton and neutron
What is the Atomic number of Copper? How many Valence electrons does Copper have?
29
1
Individual cell voltage, for a battery, is determined by what?
The metals used for each plate.
What determines what metal will become the negative terminal, and the other metal becoming the positive terminal in a battery?
The electromotive series of metals. Which ever metal receives more electrons easily will be the negative terminal.
A three-way lamp has how many filaments?
2
What is Ampacity?
The maximum current the cable can carry safely without exceeding its temperature rating
