Chapter 2 - Early Globalization: The Atlantic World, 1492-1650 Flashcards
What monarch spearheaded Portugal’s exploration of Africa and the Atlantic in the 1400s?
Prince Henry the Navigator
In what year did Christopher Columbus land on Hispaniola (Present day Haiti/Dominican Republic)?
1492
In what year did the Treaty of Tordesillas divide the Americas between the Portuguese and the Spanish?
1494
In what year did Martin Luther publish 95 Theses?
1517
In what year did Hernan Cortes conquer Tenochtitlan?
1521
In what year did John Calvin strengthen Protestantism?
1530
In what year did King Henry VIII break with the Catholic Church and establish the Church of England?
1534
In what years did the English attempt to colonize Roanoke?
1584-1590
In what year did Samuel de Champlain found New France?
1603
In what year was Jamestown, the first English settlement, founded?
1607
In what year did the Dutch found New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island?
1624
Which European country established the first settlements in the Americas?
Spain
Which Italian explored the South American coast for the Portuguese crown between 1499-1502 and claimed this was an entirely new land mass?
Amerigo Vespucci
In what year did Hernan Cortes land on Hispaniola?
1504
What three things can we generalize as the Europeans motive for exploration?
God, Glory, and Gold
What is the name of the controversial Nahua woman who translated for and later had a child with Hernan Cortes?
Malintzin
Which explorer led expeditions into what is now the Southeastern United States?
Hernando de Soto
Which explorer, then governor of the New Spain province, Nueva Galicia, searched unsuccessfully for gold and silver in the current Southwestern United States?
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
indulgences
documents given by the Catholic Church that absolved sinners of their errant behavior
What German Catholic monk called for church reforms and ultimately split European Christianity?
Martin Luther
What French lawyer advocated for making the Bible more accessible and led the Reformation movement from Geneva, Switzerland?
John Calvin
What English scholar translated the Bible into English in 1526?
William Tyndale
An event in 1572, characteristic of the atmosphere of religious intolerance, when French Catholic troops began to kill unarmed French Protestants, invoking mob violence ultimately claiming 9,000 lives.
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Black Legend
Spain’s reputation as bloodthirsty conquistadors
Calvinism
a branch of Protestantism started by John Calvin, emphasizing human powerlessness before an omniscient God and stressing the idea of predestiniation
Columbian Exchange
the movement of plants, animals, and diseases across the Atlantic due to European exporation of the Americas
commodification
the transformation of something - for example, an item of ritual significance - commodity with monetary value
encomienda
legal rights to native labor as granted by the Spanish crown
Hispaniola
the island in the Caribbean, present day Haiti and Dominican Republic, where Columbus first landed and established a Spanish colony
joint stock company
a business entity in which investors provide the capital and assume the risk in order to reap significant returns
mercantilism
the protectionist economic principle that nations should control trade with their colonies to ensure a favorable balance of trade
mourning wars
raids or wars that tribes waged in eastern North America in order to replace members lost to smallpox and other diseases
Pilgrims
separatists, led by William Bradford, who established the first English settlement in New England
privateers
sea captains to whom the British government had given permission to raid Spanish ships at will
probanza de merito
proof of merit: a letter written by a Spanish explorer to the crown to gain royal patronage
Protestant Reformation
the schism in Catholicism that began with Martin Luther and John Calvin in the early sixteenth century
Puritans
a group of religious reformers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who wanted to purify the Church of England by ridding it of practices associtated with the Catholic Church and advocating greater purity of doctrine and worship
Roanoke
the first English colony in Virginia, which mysteriously disapperared sometime between 1587 and 1590
Separatists
a faction of Puritans who advocated complete separation from the Church fo England
smallpox
a disease that Europeans accidentally brought to the New World, killing millions of Indians who had no immunity to the disease
sugarcane
one of the primary crops of the Americas, which required a tremendous amount of labor to cultivate
