Chapter 2 - Early Globalization: The Atlantic World, 1492-1650

Question 1

What monarch spearheaded Portugal’s exploration of Africa and the Atlantic in the 1400s?

Answer 1

Prince Henry the Navigator

Question 2

In what year did Christopher Columbus land on Hispaniola (Present day Haiti/Dominican Republic)?

Answer 2

1492

Question 3

In what year did the Treaty of Tordesillas divide the Americas between the Portuguese and the Spanish?

Answer 3

1494

Question 4

In what year did Martin Luther publish 95 Theses?

Answer 4

1517

Question 5

In what year did Hernan Cortes conquer Tenochtitlan?

Answer 5

1521

Question 6

In what year did John Calvin strengthen Protestantism?

Answer 6

1530

Question 7

In what year did King Henry VIII break with the Catholic Church and establish the Church of England?

Answer 7

1534

Question 8

In what years did the English attempt to colonize Roanoke?

Answer 8

1584-1590

Question 9

In what year did Samuel de Champlain found New France?

Answer 9

1603

Question 10

In what year was Jamestown, the first English settlement, founded?

Answer 10

1607

Question 11

In what year did the Dutch found New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island?

Answer 11

1624

Question 12

Which European country established the first settlements in the Americas?

Answer 12

Spain

Question 13

Which Italian explored the South American coast for the Portuguese crown between 1499-1502 and claimed this was an entirely new land mass?

Answer 13

Amerigo Vespucci

Question 14

In what year did Hernan Cortes land on Hispaniola?

Answer 14

1504

Question 15

What three things can we generalize as the Europeans motive for exploration?

Answer 15

God, Glory, and Gold

Question 16

What is the name of the controversial Nahua woman who translated for and later had a child with Hernan Cortes?

Answer 16

Malintzin

Question 17

Which explorer led expeditions into what is now the Southeastern United States?

Answer 17

Hernando de Soto

Question 18

Which explorer, then governor of the New Spain province, Nueva Galicia, searched unsuccessfully for gold and silver in the current Southwestern United States?

Answer 18

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

Question 19

indulgences

Answer 19

documents given by the Catholic Church that absolved sinners of their errant behavior

Question 20

What German Catholic monk called for church reforms and ultimately split European Christianity?

Answer 20

Martin Luther

Question 21

What French lawyer advocated for making the Bible more accessible and led the Reformation movement from Geneva, Switzerland?

Answer 21

John Calvin

Question 22

What English scholar translated the Bible into English in 1526?

Answer 22

William Tyndale

Question 23

An event in 1572, characteristic of the atmosphere of religious intolerance, when French Catholic troops began to kill unarmed French Protestants, invoking mob violence ultimately claiming 9,000 lives.

Answer 23

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Question 24

Black Legend

Answer 24

Spain’s reputation as bloodthirsty conquistadors

Question 25

Calvinism

Answer 25

a branch of Protestantism started by John Calvin, emphasizing human powerlessness before an omniscient God and stressing the idea of predestiniation

Question 26

Columbian Exchange

Answer 26

the movement of plants, animals, and diseases across the Atlantic due to European exporation of the Americas

Question 27

commodification

Answer 27

the transformation of something - for example, an item of ritual significance - commodity with monetary value

Question 28

encomienda

Answer 28

legal rights to native labor as granted by the Spanish crown

Question 29

Hispaniola

Answer 29

the island in the Caribbean, present day Haiti and Dominican Republic, where Columbus first landed and established a Spanish colony

Question 30

joint stock company

Answer 30

a business entity in which investors provide the capital and assume the risk in order to reap significant returns

Question 31

mercantilism

Answer 31

the protectionist economic principle that nations should control trade with their colonies to ensure a favorable balance of trade

Question 32

mourning wars

Answer 32

raids or wars that tribes waged in eastern North America in order to replace members lost to smallpox and other diseases

Question 33

Pilgrims

Answer 33

separatists, led by William Bradford, who established the first English settlement in New England

Question 34

privateers

Answer 34

sea captains to whom the British government had given permission to raid Spanish ships at will

Question 35

probanza de merito

Answer 35

proof of merit: a letter written by a Spanish explorer to the crown to gain royal patronage

Question 36

Protestant Reformation

Answer 36

the schism in Catholicism that began with Martin Luther and John Calvin in the early sixteenth century

Question 37

Puritans

Answer 37

a group of religious reformers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who wanted to purify the Church of England by ridding it of practices associtated with the Catholic Church and advocating greater purity of doctrine and worship

Question 38

Roanoke

Answer 38

the first English colony in Virginia, which mysteriously disapperared sometime between 1587 and 1590

Question 39

Separatists

Answer 39

a faction of Puritans who advocated complete separation from the Church fo England

Question 40

smallpox

Answer 40

a disease that Europeans accidentally brought to the New World, killing millions of Indians who had no immunity to the disease

Question 41

sugarcane

Answer 41

one of the primary crops of the Americas, which required a tremendous amount of labor to cultivate