Chapter 2: Defining and Measuring Energy

Question 1

Bioenergetics

Answer 1

Process of converting food into biologically useful forms of energy

Question 2

Energy

Answer 2

Ability for perform work

Question 3

Force Production

Answer 3

The generation of tension by contracting muscles

Question 4

Potential energy

Answer 4

Stored energy

Question 5

Kinetic Energy

Answer 5

Energy of motion

Question 6

Endergonic

Answer 6

Chemical reactions that store energy

Question 7

Exergonic

Answer 7

Chemical reactions that release energy

Question 8

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 8

A chemical compound that provides most of the energy to the cells

Question 9

Sliding Filament Theory

Answer 9

the actin (thin) filaments of muscle fibres slide past the myosin (thick) filaments during muscle contraction, while the two groups of filaments remain at relatively constant length

Question 10

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 10

“conservation of energy”

Question 11

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Answer 11

a chemical compound formed by the breakdown of ATP to release energy

Question 12

ATP concentrations in Muscles

Answer 12

• does not drop below 20-30%

- muscles fatigue and protects against ATP depletion

Question 13

Rephosphorylation

Answer 13

establishing a chemical phosphate bond, as in ADP reestablishing a third phosphate bond to become ATP

Question 14

Direct calorimetry

Answer 14

a scientific method of determining energy content of food or energy expenditure by measuring changes in thermal or heat energy

Question 15

calorimeter

Answer 15

a device that measure energy content of food or energy expenditure , “bomb”

Question 16

indirect calorimetry

Answer 16

a scientific method of determining energy expenditure by measuring changes in oxygen consumption and/or carbon dioxide production

Question 17

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

Answer 17

the amount of energy per unit time required by the body to maintain a nonactive but alert state

Question 18

The Doubly Labeled Water (DLW)

Answer 18

the indirect (O2 in and CO2 out) determination of energy expenditure over much longer periods of time usually 1-3 weeks and allows subjects to participate in normal activities

Question 19

Components of Energy Expenditure

Answer 19

resting metabolic: 70%
physical activity: 20%
thermic effect of food: 10%

Question 20

Joule

Answer 20

SI unit of measure for energy

Question 21

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 21

measure of the amount of energy per unit of time necessary to keep the body alive at complete rest

Question 22

Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)

Answer 22

the amount of energy that is required by the body, typically determined over the course of a 24 hour day

Question 23

Formulas for resting metabolic rate

Answer 23

1. Mifflin-St. Jeor Equation: healthy caucausion, sedentary adults
2. Cunningham: RMR=500+22 (FFM/fat-free mass) better for athletes
3. Simplified formula: men: 1 kcal per kilogram of body weight per hour
   women: .9 kcal per kilogram of body weight per hour
   * to convert weight to pounds divde by 2.2 lb/kg

Question 24

Metabolic equivalent (MET)

Answer 24

Level of energy expenditure equal to that measured at rest. 1 MET = 3.5 ml/kg/min of oxygen consumption