chapter 2: culture and society

Question 1

what is culture

Answer 1

Culture is a set of values, norms, and behaviors shared by a social group.

Culture can be divided into material (physical and tangable like food,culture, books ect) and non-material culture like non physical intangable values, belief, and traditions

Question 2

values and norms

Answer 2

Values are Beliefs about what is right and wrong and what is important in life.
Norms are basic rules of social conduct. Standards of behavior that are accepted within a particular group or society.

Question 3

cultural variations

Answer 3

Culture varies both across and within societies.

What is important and seemingly “normal” in one society may not be in another.

Even within a society, the dominant values and norms change over time.

Question 4

what makes humans different

Answer 4

1. Culture versus instinct.
2. The ability to reason and think allowed for the development of culture.
3. Development of complex systems of communication and future-oriented thought and planning.
4. Complex thinking also makes humans strong innovators.

Question 5

cultural diversity

Answer 5

1. Comparative research is common in cultural diversity.
2. age, gender, religion, culture, language, ethnicity, nationality, education, prrsonality

Question 6

subculture and counterculture

Answer 6

1. Subculture:
   Asubcultureis a group of people with distinguishing characteristics, but who consider themselves part of the general culture.
2. Counterculture:
   A counterculture is a group of people who explicitly reject the values and norms of the mainstream culture.

Question 7

Ethnocentrism

Answer 7

considering your culture more superiour

Question 8

xenocentrism

Answer 8

considering other cultures superior over others

Question 9

cultural reletivism

Answer 9

understanding other cultures through their own perspective

Question 10

types of cultures

Answer 10

1. Subculture:
   Asubcultureis a group of people with distinguishing characteristics, who consider themselves part of the general culture.
2. Counterculture:
   A counterculture is a group of people who reject the values and norms of the mainstream culture.example drug lords and terrorists

Question 11

diversity today

Answer 11

In diverse societies like the United States, studies of assimilation and multiculturalism are common.

1. Assimilation is a process wherein minority groups merge into the mainstream culture. blend in host country’s culture.
2. Multiculturalism is retain your cultural identity in the host country

Globalization has led to increased diversity in most countries.

Question 12

assimilation

Answer 12

Assimilation is a process wherein minority groups merge into the mainstream culture. blend in host country’s culture.
govt does not assure security against your practices

Question 13

multifunctionalism

Answer 13

Multiculturalism is retain your cultural identity in the host country
govt assures security

Question 14

cultural universal

Answer 14

Aspects of culture found virtually in all societies are called cultural universals.

Language is one of the most significant cultural universals.

Question 15

what is society

Answer 15

Societies are systems of relationships between people that can be small (like a family) or large (like a nation-state).

Shared culture is important in holding a society together.

Question 16

Conformity and social control

Answer 16

Societies need a significant degree of conformity to function smoothly.

Those who do not conform are subject to measures of social control.

Members learn norms through the process of socialization.

conformity obeying social norms and deviance not obeying social norms

internal social control ex sitting in a class
external social control sitting outside

Question 17

CULTURE AS A SYSTEM OF NORMS

what are norms

Answer 17

Norms

              Ideal (standard)         Real (followed)
                or                                or
           Expected                     Acted
                or                                or
            Cultural                    Statistical

Question 18

TYPES OF NORMS

Answer 18

1. Folkways are simply the customary, normal, habitual ways a group does things. no penelty
2. Mores are those ideas of right and wrong which require certain acts and forbid others. sometimes penelty can be taken
3. Taboos are norms that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme disgust.(murder)

4) Laws are codified form of norms.

Question 19

TYPES OF HUMAN SOCIETY

Answer 19

Hunting and Gathering

Agrarian Societies

Pastoral Societies

Civilizations or Traditional States.

Question 20

hunting and gathering

Answer 20

Hunting and gathering societies are small groups or tribes numbering not more than 30-40 people.

No class structures.

Cooperative rather than competitive.

invites (green land, Canada, Alaska)
awa tribe brazil
Hadza Tanzania
Okike Kenya
sentinels India

Question 21

Pastoral and agrarian societies

Answer 21

Somewhat less egalitarian

More accumulation of wealth and goods; larger groups

Question 22

Civilization or city states

Answer 22

These societies were typically large and had a significant degree of inequality.

They were based on the development of cities and were ruled by kings or emperors.

Major inequalities existed among different classes.

Question 23

Industrialization

Answer 23

Beginning in the eighteenth century in Britain, mass production, via mechanized factories, rapidly changed the economy.

The Western European countries and the United States were the early industrializers.

Early industrializers colonized other countries for economic gain.

Question 24

Modern, industrial societies

Answer 24

In these societies, greater than 90 percent of the population lives in urban settings.

Work is almost exclusively non-agricultural.

Such societies are often characterized as impersonal though not all sociologists agree with this representation.

Question 25

Globalization and culture

Answer 25

There is virtually no escape from globalization today as a result of technology.

Television, the “global economy,” multinational corporations (MNCs), and international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), along with e-communication, have changed the face of culture the world over, leading to increased interdependence.

Question 26

Response to globalization

Answer 26

Not everyone is happy with globalization.

There has been a rise of nationalism, tribalism, and other forms of protest that is largely a rejection of Western culture.