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Building Construction Questions > Chapter 2 - Concepts Of Construction > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Concepts Of Construction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the eternal enemy of every building?

A

Force of gravity

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2
Q

“Forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials, occupants and their possessions, environmental effects, differential movement, and restrained dimensional changes” are according to which NFPA?

A

NFPA 5000: Building Construction and Safety Code

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3
Q

A load may be a _______ load and an ________ load at the same time.

A

Live; impact

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4
Q

What is an external force that acts on a structure?

A

Load

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5
Q

What are the internal forces that resist the load?

A

Stress and strain

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6
Q

What is the force per unit area that produces a deformation?

A

Stress

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7
Q

What is the actual percentage of elongation (deformation) that occurs when a material is stressed? Measured in fractions of an inch of deformation per inch of original length of the material.

A

Strain

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8
Q

What are the four types of forces that can be allied to a structural member?

A

Compression, tension, torsion, and shear.

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9
Q

Which force is one in which the force squeezes a structural member, such as a concrete column supporting a floor?

A

Compressive force

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10
Q

________ forces stretch a member such as a steel cable that is supporting a suspended walkway.

A

Tensile

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11
Q

___________ force is a twisting force such as that created by turning a screwdriver on a screw;

A

Torsional

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12
Q

_____ force occur within a building member when opposing forces pull the member in opposite directions and are often results of ____ loads.

A

Shear; wind

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13
Q

____ is the weight of the building itself and any equipment permanently attached to it or built in.

A

Dead load

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14
Q

____ ________ is closely related to mass.

A

Fire resistance

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15
Q

A structure’s dead load is often _________ during alteration of a building.

A

increased

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16
Q

____ are any loads other than dead loads.

A

Live loads

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17
Q

In 1978, the __________ roof of the Hartford Civic Center in Hartford, Connecticut, collapsed under a heavy snow load.

A

spaceframe

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18
Q

______ are loads that are delivered in a short time.

A

Impact loads

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19
Q

__________ ________ is a particular hazard in the construction of concrete frame buildings.

A

Progressive collapse

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20
Q

______ _____ are loads that are applied slowly and remain constant.

A

Static loads

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21
Q

A heavy safe is an example of a ____, ______ load; it is not a dead load.

A

Live; static

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22
Q

________ are loads that are applied intermittently.

A

Repeated loads

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23
Q

____ is the force applied to a building by the wind.

A

Wind load

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24
Q

_____ ____ are installed in buildings to resist lateral loads from wind and earthquakes.

A

Shear wall

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25
Q

______ _____ and the ______ ______, are used in buildings to resist lateral wind and earthquake lids.

A

Braced frame; moment frame

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26
Q

______ _____ uses diagonal members for bracing purposes.

A

Braced frame

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27
Q

_______ _____ use special moment connections between columns and beams that resist rotation.

A

Moment frames

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28
Q

______ refers to a force causing rotation of a structural member around a fixed point of connection.

A

Moment

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29
Q

In old buildings and railroad bridges, heavy riveting of girders to columns from top to bottom of the frame is called ______ ______.

A

Portal bracing

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30
Q

_________ ______ are designed to stiffen the building against wind and other lateral loss such as earthquakes.

A

Diaphragm floors

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31
Q

Unique giant __________ trusses (rectangular trusses with very rigid corner bracing), formed by exterior box columns and spandrels.

A

Vierendeel

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32
Q

__________ are heavy lids located at one point in a building.

A

Concentrated loads

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33
Q

A steel beam resting on masonry wall is an example of a ___________ ___ load.

A

Concentrated dead

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34
Q

A safe is a ______________ ____ load.

A

Concentrated live

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35
Q

An _____ ____ is a force that passes through the centroid of the section under construction.

A

Axial load

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36
Q

An _____ ____ is perpendicular to the plane of the section.

A

Axial load

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37
Q

A structure will sustain its greatest load when the load is _____.

A

Axial

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38
Q

An _________ ____ is a force that is perpendicular to the plane of the section but does not pass through the center of the section.

A

Eccentric load

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39
Q

____ ____ represents the potential fuel available to a fire.

A

Fire load

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40
Q

____ ____ represents the total amount of potential energy in the fuel.

A

Fire load

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41
Q

____ _______ ____ indicates the rate of available energy released.

A

Heat release rate

42
Q

Wood, paper, and similar materials are estimated at ____ Btu/lb.

A

8,000

43
Q

Plastics and combustible liquids, _____ BTU/lb is a common estimate, though the caloric value for some of these fields is much higher.

A

16,000

44
Q

Overloaded beams are sometimes restored by inserting a ___ ___, which goes up through the building, generally to a truss or beam extending from wall to wall in the cockloft.

A

Tie rod

45
Q

The ______ ______ represents the ratio of the strength of the material just before failure to safe working stress.

A

Safety factor

46
Q

_________ is a relatively inexpensive material that is strong in compression but weak in tension; steel is strong in both ways.

A

Concrete

47
Q

A _______ _____ ______ is made by sandwiching a piece of steel between two wooden beams.

A

Flitch plate girder

48
Q

The term “_________ ____________” is sometimes used to describe buildings in which two different materials carry structural loads.

A

Composite construction

49
Q

Elements (or members) that are assembled together into a structure are often called a ___________ _____.

A

Structural frame

50
Q

A ____ transmits forces in a direction perpendicular to such forces to the reaction points (points of support).

A

Beam

51
Q

The line along which the length of the beam does not change is termed the ________ ____ or plane.

A

Neutral axis

52
Q

The load l-carrying capacity of a beam increases by the ______ of its depth.

A

Square

53
Q

A ______ ____ is supported at two points near its end.

A

Simple beam

54
Q

A __________ ____ is supported at three or more points.

A

Continuous beam

55
Q

A _____ ____ is supported at two points and rigidly held in position at both points.

A

Fixed beam

56
Q

An ___________ ____ projects beyond its support, but not far enough to be a cantilever.

A

Overhanging beam

57
Q

A _______ is diagonal member that supports what would otherwise be cantilever.

A

Bracket

58
Q

A _____ _____ or ___ _____ is a lightweight steel trusses joist.

A

Steel joist; bar joist

59
Q

A _______ is any beam, of any material that supports other beams.

A

Girder

60
Q

A _______ _______ is made of steel plates and angles riveted together, as distinguished from a girder rolled from one piece of steel.

A

Built-up girder

61
Q

A ________ ______ is a beam that carries the load on the exterior of a framed building between the top of one window and the bottom of the window above.

A

Spandrel girder

62
Q

A _____ is a beam that spans an opening in a masonry wall.

A

Lintel

63
Q

A ________ is a series of closely spaced beams designed to carry a particularly heavy load.

A

Grillage

64
Q

A __________ ____ is supported at only one end, but it is rigidly held in position at that end.

A

Cantilever beam

65
Q

A _________ ____ is a simple beam, with one or one both ends suspended on a tension member such as a chain, cable, or rod. Typical theater marquee is a ________ ____

A

Suspended beam

66
Q

A ________ ____ moves loads laterally when it is not convenient to arrange columns one above the other — the ideal arrangement.

A

Transfer beam

67
Q

A _____ is a type of beam, a framed structure consisting of a triangle or group of triangles arranged in a single plane in such a manner that loads applied at the points of intersections of the members will cause only direct stresses (tension or compression) in the members.

A

Truss

68
Q

The top and bottom members of the truss are called ______. The compressive connecting members are called ______. The tensile connecting members are called ____. Connections are called _____ ______.

A

Chords; struts; ties; panel points

69
Q

As a group, the struts, ties, and panel points are called the ___.

A

Web

70
Q

The principal types of trusses can be described by their _______ __________.

A

Overall appearance

71
Q

The top chord of a truss is in ___________. The bottom chord is in _______.

A

Compression; tension

72
Q

A truss with two compression members is called a _____ ____ _____.

A

Queen post truss

73
Q

A ______ is a structural member that transmits a compressive force along a straight path in the direction of the member.

A

Column

74
Q

Nonvertical columns are often called by other names, such as struts or ______, which are diagonal columns with brace foundation piling.

A

Rakers

75
Q

A ____ is a line of columns in any direction.

A

Bent

76
Q

If a line of columns is specifically braced to resist wind, it is called a ____ ____.

A

Wind bent

77
Q

A ___ is the floor area between any two vents.

A

Bay

78
Q

A ______ is a freestanding masonry load-carrying column, as in a cathedral.

A

Pillar

79
Q

There are _____ types of columns, which can be differentiated by the manner in which they generally fail.

A

Three

80
Q

_____ are short, squat columns, which fail by ________.

A

Pier; crushing

81
Q

Long, slender columns fail by ________.

A

Buckling

82
Q

___________ columns can fail by crushing or buckling.

A

Intermediate

83
Q

Very long thin columns are known as ______ ___ columns.

A

Euler’s Law

84
Q

Walls are classified in two main divisions: ___________ walls and ______________ walls.

A

Load-bearing; non-load-bearing

85
Q

Veneer walls, panel walls (curtain walls), and partition walls are some examples of ___-____-______ walls.

A

Non-load-bearing

86
Q

_______ ________ ____ ____ walls act as vertical cantilevers when being erected and are braced by tormentors or temporary bracing poles.

A

Precast concrete tilt slab walls

87
Q

__________ are masonry structures built on the outside surface of the wall.

A

Buttresses

88
Q

_________ are masonry columns projecting from one or both faces of the wall in which they are located.

A

Pilasters

89
Q

____ _______ are columns of steel, reinforced concrete, or solid masonry in a block wall.

A

Wall columns

90
Q

______ or _______ walls are built of two wythes separated by a space for rain drainage or insulation.

A

Cavity or hollow

91
Q

The ________ is the last stone set in place in an arch, but once in place, it is no more important than other stones.

A

Keystone

92
Q

A _________ _____ is one that describes a portion of the circumference of a circle, but it is not the only arch form.

A

Segmental arch

93
Q

_______ and _______ arches are found in churches and similar buildings.

A

Gothic; trefoil

94
Q

____ arches are constructed by tapering masonry units.

A

Flat

95
Q

__________ ____ _____ arches are common in 19th-century and early 20th-century buildings.

A

Hollow-tile flat floor

96
Q

The _____ _____ derived from the arch.

A

Rigid frame

97
Q

A building is said to be ______ when the elements are connected by simple connectors such as bolts, rivets, or welded joints.

A

Pinned

98
Q

A __________ ________ structure is one in which the successive poured castings are joined together so that completes building is like one piece of stone.

A

Monolithic concrete

99
Q

Precast concrete buildings may be pinned or may be made monolithic by the use of ___ ______ in which cast-in-place concrete unites rods that project from precast sections.

A

Wet joints

100
Q

Some steel buildings have connections that redirect overloads to other sections of the building. This is called _______ ______.

A

Plastic design.

101
Q

Steel heated to ____ F elongates __ inches per ___ feet of length.

A

1,000; 9.5; 100

102
Q

Heavy timber buildings were often built with ____-________ ______ in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

A

Self-releasing floors

Building Construction Questions (1 decks)

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