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Biology 101: Chapter 2 Chemistry Of Life > Chapter 2 Chemistry Of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Chemistry Of Life Flashcards

0
Q

What is a element?

A

It is a pure substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into other substances.

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1
Q

What is matter?

A

Matter is any material that takes up space, such as organisms, rocks, and the oceans

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2
Q

Compare bulk and trace elements?

A

Bulk elements make up the vast majority of every living cell such as, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The trace elements they are required in small amounts.

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3
Q

What is an atom?

A

An atom is the smallest possible piece of an element that retains the characteristics of the element.

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4
Q

What is a ion?

A

An ion is an atom that has gained or lost elements and therefore has a net negative or positive charge.

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5
Q

What is a mass number?

A

A mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

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6
Q

What is a isotope?

A

An isotope is any different forms of a single element.

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7
Q

How are isotopes used in science?

A

Because radioactive isotopes have the same chemical properties as stable isotopes, they have a variety of uses in science such as killing disease-causing organisms, they are used as tracers, they are used for radioactive tracing, and they are used in cancer therapy.

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8
Q

Compare mass number and atomic number?

A

The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus and the mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

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9
Q

What links atoms?

A

Molecules links atoms

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10
Q

Compare molecule and compound.

A

A molecule is two or more chemically joined atoms. Some atoms are diatomic which means they consist of two atoms of the same element. A compound is a molecule composed of two or more different elements.

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11
Q

What is a energy shell?

A

A energy shell is a group of orbitals that share the same level.

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12
Q

What is a valence shell?

A

A valence shell is its outermost occupied energy shell.

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13
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

A chemical bond is an attractive force that holds atoms together.

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14
Q

How are covalent bonds formed ?

A

Covalent bonds form when two atoms share electrons. The shared electrons travel around both nuclei, strongly connecting atoms together.

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15
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

Electronegativity is a measure of an atom’s ability to attract electrons.

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16
Q

Compare polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?

A

Nonpolar is a bipartisan union in which both atoms exert approximately equal pull on their shared electrons. A polar covalent bond in contrast is a lopsided union in which one nucleus exerts a much stronger pull on the shared electrons than does the other nucleus.

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17
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

An atom with a partial negative charge attracts an atom with a partial positive charge.

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18
Q

How are hydrogen bonds formed?

A

Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent molecules or different parts of a large molecule.

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19
Q

Compare covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds.

A

Covalent bonds is two atoms that share a pair of electrons. The strength is strong.

Ionic bond is one atom donates one or more electrons to another atom, forming positively charged ions that attract each other. The strength is strong, but breaks easily in water.

Hydrogen bond is an atom with a partial negative charge that attracts an atom with a partial positive charge. The strength is weak.

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20
Q

Why is water essential to life?

A

The water molecule has extraordinary properties that make it essential to all organisms. Water is cohesive and adhesive, many substance dissolve in water, water regulates temperature, water expands as it freezes, and it participates in life’s chemical reaction.

21
Q

Compare adhesion and cohesion?

A

Cohesion is the tendency of water to stick together. Adhesion is the tendency to form hydrogen bonds. Both adhesion and cohesion or at work when water seemingly defies gravity.

22
Q

Why do polar substances dissolve in water?

A

According to the rule like dissolves like, polar solvents such as water dissolve polar molecules. Similarly, nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar substances.

23
Q

Compare solute, solvent, and solution.

A

A solvent is a chemical in which other substances, called solutes, dissolve. A solution consists of one or more solutes dissolved in a liquid solvent.

24
Q

What are the characteristics of molecules that are hydrophilic?

A

Molecules that are hydrophilic are either polar or charged. Their water loving.

25
Q

What are the characteristics of molecules that are hydrophobic?

A

Water fearing, do not dissolve in or form hydrogen bonds.

26
Q

How does water regulate temperature?

A

When molecules absorb energy, they move faster. Waters hydrogen bonds tend to counter this molecule movement; as a result, more heat is needed to raise water’s temperature. At a global scale, water’s resistance to temperature change explains why coastal climates tend to be mild.

27
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

A chemical reaction is two or more molecules swap their atoms to yield different molecules.

28
Q

Compare reactant and product?

A

Reactants are starting materials and products are results of the reaction.

29
Q

How do we calculate the atomic mass of an element?

A

The atomic weight is calculated by adding the mass of each isotope multiplied by its fractional abundance.

30
Q

The most important factor in how easily an atom forms bonds is the.

A

Number of electrons in the outer shell.

31
Q

How are ionic bonds formed?

A

Ionic bonds are formed by a gain or loss of an electron.

32
Q

Most of the unique properties of WATER are the results of?

A

Hydrogen bonds between many water molecules.

33
Q

What is organic molecules?

A

Organic molecules are chemical compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen.

34
Q

What are the two major elements of all organic molecules?

A

Carbon and hydrogen.

35
Q

What are the four types of organic molecules?

A

The four most abundant types of organic molecules in organisms are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nuclei acid.

36
Q

Create a table comparing the four types of organic molecules.

A

Carbohydrates are simple sugars their chemical structure is monosaccharides and disaccharides.

Lipids are fats and oils their chemical structure is glycerol

Proteins chemical structure is polymers of amino acids.

Nuclei acid chemical structure is polymers of nucleotides.

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37
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

It is the reaction a protein called an enzyme removes an OH from one molecule and a hydrogen atom from another. (Takes H2O)

38
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Enzymes use atoms from water to add a hydroxyl group to one molecule and a hydrogen atom to another. (Gives H2O)

39
Q

What is carbohydrate?

A

Organic molecules that consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often in proportion.

40
Q

What is triglycerides?

A

It consists of there long hydrocarbon chains called fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

41
Q

What is the carboxyl group?

A

It is a carbon atom double-bonded to one oxygen and single-bonded to another oxygen carrying a hydrogen atom.

42
Q

Compare saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated fatty acid contains all the hydrogen possible. Saturated fats are things like bacon and butter and is recommended to have a low diet of.

Unsaturated fats has at least one double bond between carbon atoms. Olive oil is an example of unsaturated.

43
Q

What is a protein?

A

It is a chain of monomers called amino acids.

44
Q

What is a amino acid?

A

An amino acid has a central carbon atom bonded to four other atoms or groups of atoms.

45
Q

What is a amino group?

A

A nitrogen atom single bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

46
Q

What is a R Group?

A

Is any 20 chemical groups.

47
Q

Compare the four levels of protein structure.

A
  1. Primary structure: amino acid sequence of polypeptide.
  2. Secondary structure: localized areas of coils, sheets, and loops within a polypeptide.
  3. Tertiary structure: overall shape of one polypeptide.
  4. Quaternary structure: overall protein shape, arising from interaction between the multiple polypeptides that make up the functional protein.
48
Q

What are the atomic numbers for the six elements most important to living organisms.

A 
Hydrogen 1
Carbon 6
Nitrogen 7
Oxygen 8
Phosphorus 15
Sulfur 16

Biology 101: Chapter 2 Chemistry Of Life (1 decks)

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