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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 2- Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

anything takes up space and has mass

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2
Q

States of Matter

A

solid, liquid, gas

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3
Q

Energy

A

capacity to do work; to matter into motion

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4
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

energy in action

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5
Q

Potential Energy

A

stored energy; at rest

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6
Q

Chemical Energy

A

stored in the bonds of chemical substances

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7
Q

Electrical Energy

A

movement of charged particles

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8
Q

Mechanical Energy

A

directly involved with moving matter

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9
Q

Radiant Energy/ Electromagnetic Radiation

A

energy that travels in waves

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10
Q

Element

A

unique substances that cannot be broken down

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11
Q

Periodic Table

A

listing of the known elements

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12
Q

Atoms

A

building blocks

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13
Q

Atomic Symbol

A

designated short name for elements (two letters) usually the first two letters

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14
Q

Physical Properties

A

detect with senses

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15
Q

Chemical Properties

A

the way atoms interact with other atoms bonding behavior

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16
Q

Nucleus

A

center of an atom contains protons and neutrons

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17
Q

Protons

A

positive charge

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18
Q

Neutrons

A

neutral charge

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19
Q

Atomic Mass Unit

A

mass (1amu)

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20
Q

Electrons

A

negative charge

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21
Q

Planetary Symbol

A

model of atomic structure e

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22
Q

Orbitals

A

regions around nucleus

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23
Q

Orbital Model

A

more useful for predicting the chemical behavior of atoms

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24
Q

Atomic Number

A

number of protons

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25
Q

Mass Number

A

sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons

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26
Q

Isotopes

A

structural variations of an element

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27
Q

Atomic Weight

A

average of the relative weights of all the isotopes of an element

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28
Q

Radioisotopes

A

isotopes that have radioactivity

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29
Q

Molecule

A

two or more atoms held together by chemical bond

when two or more atoms of the same element combine

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30
Q

Compound

A

two or more different kinds of atoms together

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31
Q

Mixtures

A

substances composed of two or more components physically intermixed

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32
Q

What are the 3 types of mixtures?

A

solutions , colloids, suspensions

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33
Q

Solutions

A

homogeneous mixtures of components that may be gases, liquids, or solids

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34
Q

Homogenous Mixture

A

mixture has exactly the same composition throughout

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35
Q

Solvent

A

substance with greater amount

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36
Q

Solutes

A

substance in smaller amounts

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37
Q

Percent

A

parts per 100 parts of the solute in the total solutions

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38
Q

Molarity

A

used to express concentration of a solution

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39
Q

Mole(M)

A

equal to atomic weight of the element

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40
Q

Molecular Weight

A

sum of the atomic weights in grams

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41
Q

Colloids (emulsions)

A

heterogenoeous mixtures; that are different in the areas of the mixture

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42
Q

Avogadro’s Number

A

6.02*10^23

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43
Q

Sol-Gel Transformations

A

transform from fluid state to a more solid (gel) state

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44
Q

Suspensions

A

heterogeneous mixtures; large solutes that tend to settle out
ex: sand and water

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45
Q

Chemical Bonds

A

energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms

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46
Q

Electron Shells

A

surround the atomic nucleus (orbitals)

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47
Q

Energy Level

A

electron shell; orbital

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48
Q

How many electrons fill up first shell?

A

2 electrons

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49
Q

How many electrons fill up the second shell?

A

8 electrons

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50
Q

How many electrons fill up the third shell?

A

18 electrons

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51
Q

What does it mean when the last shell has filled up (8 electrons)?

A

chemically inert; noble gases

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52
Q

Valence Shell

A

last shell

53
Q

Rule of Eight

A

every shell except for shell one has 8 electrons

54
Q

Ions

A

charged particles

55
Q

Ionic Bond

A

chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other

56
Q

Anion

A

negative charged ion

57
Q

Cation

A

positively charged ion

58
Q

Covalent Bond

A

atoms share an electron

59
Q

Nonpolar Molecules

A

molecules are electrically balanced

60
Q

Polar Molecule

A

unequal electron pair sharing

61
Q

Electronegativity

A

electron hungry atoms; atoms that are almost stable

62
Q

Electropositive

A

atoms with one or two valence shell electrons

63
Q

Dipole

A

molecule with two poles of charge

64
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

form when hydrogen atom already liked is attracted to another electron hungry atom

65
Q

Intramolecular Bonds

A

bonds within molecules

66
Q

Reactants

A

number and kinds of the interacting substances

67
Q

Products

A

chemical composition of the result of the reaction

68
Q

Molecular Formula

A

product in every reaction

ex: A+B=AB

69
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A

combination reaction

ex: A+B=AB

70
Q

Anabolic Reaction

A

constructive activities in body cells; synthesis

71
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A

molecule is broken down

Ex:AB=A+B

72
Q

Catabolic Reactions

A

degrative reactions; decompositions

73
Q

Exchange/ Displacement Reactions

A

parts of reactant molecules change partners

Ex: AB+C=AC+B

74
Q

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

A

decomposition and exchange reactions food fuels are broken for ATP production

75
Q

Oxidized

A

reactants losing electrons (electron donor)

76
Q

Reduced

A

reactant taking electron ( electron acceptor)

77
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

reactions that release energy

78
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

absorb energy

79
Q

Chemical Equilibrium

A

no further net change to reactants or products

80
Q

What factors affect rate of reactions?

A

temperature, concentration, size, catalysts

81
Q

Catalysts

A

substances increase the rate of chemical reactions; enzymes

82
Q

Biochemistry

A

study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter

83
Q

Organic Compounds

A

contain carbon; CHONPS

carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen, phosphate, sulfur

84
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

don’t have carbon

85
Q

What are some of the inorganic compounds?

A

water, salt, acids

86
Q

Universal Solvent

A

water

87
Q

Hydration Layers

A

layers of water molecules

88
Q

Electrolytes

A

substances that conduct an electrical current in solution

89
Q

Acids

A

have a sour taste can react with metals; proton donors

90
Q

Hydrogen Ions

A

a hydrogen nucleus

91
Q

Bases

A

have bitter taste, feel slippery; proton acceptors

92
Q

Bicarbonate ion

A

base in the body abundant in blood

93
Q

Ammonia

A

waste product of protein breakdown

94
Q

Acidic Solutions

A

high concentration of hydrogen ions in solution

95
Q

Hydroxyl ions

A

hydroxides dissolved in water

96
Q

Alkaline Solutions (basic)

A

lower concentration of hydrogen ions more hydroxyl ions

97
Q

Buffers

A

regulators of acid base balance; proteins and other molecules

98
Q

Strong Acids

A

acids that dissociate completely and irreversibly in water

99
Q

Weak Acids

A

acids that don’t dissociate completey

100
Q

Strong Base

A

dissociate easily in water and quickly tie up with hydrogen

101
Q

Weak Base

A

ionizes incompletely and reversibly

102
Q

Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System

A

chemical blood buffers

103
Q

Electroneutral

A

never loses or gains electrons; shares electrons

ex: carbon

104
Q

Monomers

A

small units of biological molecules

105
Q

Polymers

A

made up of monomers into chainlike molecules

106
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from the monomer it is to be joined with

107
Q

Hydrolysis

A

molecules are degraded

108
Q

Carbohydrates

A

molecules that include sugars and starches ; 1-2% of cell mass

109
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple sugars; single chain

110
Q

Disaccharide

A

double sugar

111
Q

Polysaccharides

A

polymer of simple sugars linked together

112
Q

Tryglycerides

A

neutral fats; fats when solid oils when liquid; body’s stored energy made up of glycerol and fatty acids

113
Q

Saturated

A

single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

114
Q

Unsaturated

A

one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

115
Q

Trans Fats

A

oils that have been solidified by addition of H atoms at sites of carbon double bonds

116
Q

Omega-3 Fatty Acid

A

found in cold water fish decreases risk of heart disease and inflammatory diseases

117
Q

Phospholipids

A

modified tryglycerides

118
Q

Steroids

A

flat molecules made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings

119
Q

Eicosanoids

A

diverse lipids derived from a 20- carbon acid in cell membranes

120
Q

Protein

A

10-30% of cell mass; basic structural material of the body

121
Q

Amino Acids

A

building blocks of proteins

122
Q

R group

A

makes each amino acid chemically unique

123
Q

Peptide Bond

A

characteristic arrangement of linked atoms

124
Q

Macromolecules

A

large complex molecules containing more than 100 to 10000 amino acids

125
Q

Alpha helix

A

secondary structure of a protein looks like a slinky toy

126
Q

beta pleated sheet

A

another secondary structure of a protein chains do not coil and are linked side by side

127
Q

Fibrous Proteins

A

structural proteins; extended and strand like

128
Q

Globular Proteins

A

functional proteins; compact spherical proteins that have at least tertiary structure

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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