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AP CH 2 Chemistry > Chapter 2 Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

The science structure and interaction of matter?

A

Chemistry

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2
Q

Anything that occupies space?

A

Matter

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3
Q

Matter that cannot split into simpler substances?

A

Chemical Elements

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4
Q

Assigned letter abbreviations; chemical symbols?

A

Chemical Elements

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5
Q

4 major elements; 96% of bodies mass?

A

Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N)

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6
Q

Calcium (CA) potassium (K) sodium (NA) iron (FE) are?

A

Lesser Elements

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7
Q

Smallest unit of matter?

A

Atoms

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8
Q

Elements consist of many atoms of the same type?

A

Atoms

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9
Q

Nucleus and electrons are the?

A

2 Basic Parts of an Atom

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10
Q

Protrons (P+) and neutrons (N_)?

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

This surrounds nucleus in shells?

A

Electrons (E-)

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12
Q

Number of protrons in nucleus is called what?

A

Atomic Number

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13
Q

Outermost electron shell?

A

Valence Shell

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14
Q

Zero charge; #protons = #electrons

A

Atom

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15
Q

Most Atoms preferrer 8 electrons in valence shell(stable)

A

Octet Rule

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16
Q

This forces and holds atoms together?

A

Chemical Bonds

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17
Q

Charged atoms; lose or gain valence shell?

A

Ions

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18
Q

Positively charged ions; lost electron(s)?

A

Cations

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19
Q

Negatively charged ions; gained electrons?

A

Anions

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20
Q

Written with its chemical symbol and (+) or (-)?

A

Ions

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21
Q

Opposite charges attracted to one another?

A

Ions

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22
Q

Atoms in molecules share one two or three pairs of electrons?

A

Covalent Bonds

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23
Q

Most common and strongest bond?

A

Covalent Bonds

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24
Q

Equal sharing?

A

Nonpolar

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25
Q

Unequal sharing?

A

Polar

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26
Q

Oxygen attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen?

A

Water Molecule

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27
Q

New bonds form and/or old bonds are broken?

A

Chemical Reactions

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28
Q

Starting substance?

A

Reactant

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29
Q

Ending substance?

A

Product

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30
Q

2 main forms of energy?

A

Potential Kinetic

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31
Q

Stored energy based on position?

A

Potential Energy

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32
Q

Energy stored in bonds?

A

Chemical

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33
Q

Energy of matter in motion?

A

Kinetic

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34
Q

This chemical reaction builds; require energy?

A

Synthesis Reactions (Aabolic) example: Energy + A+B–>AB

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35
Q

This chemical reaction; atoms are switched?

A

Exchange Reactions example:AB+CD—->AD+CB

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36
Q

This chemical reaction; move in either direction?

A

Reversible Reactions example:ACA+C

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37
Q

Molecule with different atoms?

A

Compound

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38
Q

Usually lack carbon and is structurally single (small) molecules?

A

Inorganic Compounds

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39
Q

Always contains carbon and usually contains hydrogen?

A

Organic Compounds

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40
Q

Always has covalent bonds and are complex (large) molecules?

A

Organic Compounds

41
Q

Most important and abundant inorganic polar compound?

A

Water Molecules

42
Q

Charged compound?

A

Inorganic Polar

43
Q

Solvent (dissolves) and solute (dissolved)?

44
Q

Hydrophilic love” water?”

A

Polar (charged) Solutes

45
Q

Hydrophobic fear” water?”

A

Nonpolar (uncharged) Solutes

46
Q

Like dissolves like”?”

A

Water Dissolves Salts (NaCl)

47
Q

Essential for health and survival?

A

Water Molecules

48
Q

Absorbs and releases large amounts of heat with only small changes in temperature?

A

Water (has high heat capacity)

49
Q

Perspiration removes heat; maintains body temperature?

50
Q

Use of water as a heating or cooling agent; whirlpool or ice?

A

Hydrotherapy

51
Q

Substance dissociates (breaks apart) into hydrogen ions (H +)

52
Q

Substance dissociates into hydroxide (OH-)?

53
Q

Substance neither dissociates into H+ or OH-?

54
Q

PH of 1 contain_____more H+ than pH of 3?

A

10X10 = 100x’s

55
Q

PH of 3 contains_____fewer H+ than pH of 1?

A

10 X 10 = 100x’s

56
Q

Neutral pH distilled water?

A

Equal to 7

57
Q

1 whole number change in pH changes the concentration of H+ how many fold?

58
Q

PH of 1 contains____more H+ than pH of 2?

A

10 X 1 = 10x’s

59
Q

PH of 1 contains_____more H+ than pH of 3?

A

10 X 10 = 100x’s

60
Q

PH of 3 contains_____fewer H+ than pH of 1?

A

10 X 10 = 100x’s

61
Q

This prevents drastic pH changes by maintaing pH values of different parts of the body by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases?

A

Buffer Systems

62
Q

This provides most of the energy (ATP) needed for life and includes sugars starches and glycogen?

A

Carbohydrates

63
Q

What are the 3 major carbohydrate groups based on size?

A

Monosaccharides Disasaccharides Polysaccharides (3 or more)

64
Q

Types of monosaccharides (simple sugars)?

A

Glucose (blood sugar) Fructose (fruit sugar) Galactose (milk sugar) Deoxyribose and Ribose (forms DNA and RNA)

65
Q

Combining 2 monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis; removes water molecule?

A

Disasaccharides (simple sugars)

66
Q

Glucose and fructose?

67
Q

Glucose and glucose?

68
Q

Glucose and galactose?

69
Q

Largest carbohydrates; contains hundreds of monosaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides

70
Q

Principal polysaccharide in the body is?

A

Glycogen (stored in the liver and skeletal muscles)

71
Q

When blood sugar level drops the liver hydrolyzes (breaks down) what?

A

Glycogen to form glucose; release into blood

72
Q

Like carbohydrates this contains a carbon hydrogen and oxygen and contains mostly nonpolar covalent bonds and a few polar covalent bonds?

73
Q

Fear Water” most soluble in polar solvents such as water?”

A

Hydrophobic

74
Q

These are transported in the blood by attaching to proteins?

A

Lipoproteins HDL’s (healthy) and LDL’s (lethal)

75
Q

Most abundant lipids in the body; protection insulation and energy at room temperature solids (fats) or liquids (oils)

A

Triglycerides

76
Q

These provide twice the energy as either carbohydrates or proteins?

A

Triglycerides

77
Q

Unlimited storage is?

A

Excess Carbohydrates and Proteins Deposited As Triglycerides(fats)

78
Q

Phospholipids are formed by?

A

Membrane Components

79
Q

Both polar and non-polar regions; polar head and 2 nonpolar fatty acids tails?

A

Amphipathic

80
Q

Steroids are?

81
Q

These have rings of carbon atoms?

82
Q

These include sex hormones and cholesterol?

83
Q

Combination of 20 amino acids?

84
Q

2 amino acids joined by piptide bonds?

85
Q

Formed by dehydration synthesis?

A

Dipeptides

86
Q

Chains contain many amino acids?

A

Polypeptide

87
Q

Primary secondary tertiary and quarternary are levels of structural organization for what?

88
Q

Shape of protein does what?

A

Determines Function

89
Q

Proteins unravels due to heat or pH changes; shape and function altared is called what?

A

Denaturation

90
Q

Enzymes (catalyst) does what to the chemical reactions?

A

Speeds up (increases frequency of collisions and orient molecules)

91
Q

This reacts with specific substrates?

92
Q

These are controlled by cell’s genes?

93
Q

This forms genetic code and cell’s genes regulate cell’s activities?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acids (DNA)

94
Q

This relays instructions in formation of proteins?

A

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

95
Q

Nucleotides pentose sugar and phosphate group is what?

A

Basic Units

96
Q

Energy currency” of living systems?”

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

97
Q

Releases energy in ATP?

A

Hydrolysis of ATP

98
Q

Aerobic glucose catabolism produces greatest amount of ATP; endurance training?

A

Hydrolysis of ATP (breakdown/catabolism)

99
Q

Requires energy in ATP?

A

Synthesis (anabolism) of ATP

AP CH 2 Chemistry (1 decks)

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