Chapter 2-- Chemistry Flashcards
Largest percent of an element in human body by weight
Oxygen – 65.0%
Largest percent of element in human body by #of atoms
Hydrogen – 63.0
Electrolytes
Solutions from dissociation of cations and anions in water.
Can conduct an electric current
Ex. Na^+ Ca^2+ Cl^-
Nonelectrolytes
Solutions made by molecules that dissolve in water
Do not dissociate; do not conduct electricity
Ex. Glucose (C6H12O6)
Energy
The capacity to do work
Potential Energy
Energy stored in chemical binds
ATP and Potential Energy
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Catalyst
Substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being permanently changed or depleted
Enzymes
Protein catalyst (increases the rate of chemical reactions like in digestion)
Inorganic Chemistry
Usually, substances that do not contain carbon
Like water, oxygen, or calcium phosphate
Exceptions: CO, CO2, and HCO3^-
Solution
Mixture of liquids, gasses, or solids that are uniformly distributed and chemically combined
Solvent
That which dissolved the solute
Solute
That which dissolves in the solvent
“TSDITSATMAS”
The solute dissolves in the solvent and thus makes a solution.
Acid
Proton donor
-Think: a molecule or compound that releases H^+ is an acid
Base
A proton acceptor
Think: a molecule or compound that accepts H^+, is a base
Physiologic pH is…
7.4
Organic Chemistry
Study of substances that contain carbon
-except for : CO, CO2, HCO3^-
Four Major groups needed for living things
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Composed of C,H,O
- monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
- Energy sources and structure
Lipids
Mostly C,H,O
- Relatively insoluble in water
- Protection, insulation, physiological regulation, component of cell membranes, energy source
Fats not soluble in water
Proteins
C,H,O, N
Proteins regulate process; and aid transport, protection, muscle contraction, structure, and energy
Macromolecule consisting of long sequences of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
Nucleic acids
Of C,H,O, N, P
Examples: DNA, RNA, ATP
Polymer of nucleotides, consisting of DNA and RNA, forms a family of substances that comprise the genetic material of cells and control protein synthesis.
Nucleotide
Basic building block of nucleic acids consisting of a sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose) and one of several types of organic bases.
Inorganic Chemistry
Usually substances that do not contain carbon:
- Like water, oxygen, and calcium phosphate
- Exceptions: CO, CO2, HCO3^-
Monosacchirides
Simple sugars:
Glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Disaccharides
Two simple sugars bound together
Examples: sucrose, lactose
Polysaccharides
Many monosaccharides
Storage molecules
-Glycogen formed by animals
-Starch and cellulose formed by plants
Phospholipids
Polar(hydrophilic) one end; nonpolar(hydrophobic) at other
It is an important structural component of cell membranes
Triglycerides
composed of glycerol and fatty acids
Steroids
Cholesterol, bile salts, estrogen, testosterone–> carbon atoms arranged in four rings
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
- Energy “currency” of the body
- provides energy for chemical reactions and drive cell processes or muscle contraction
- all energy requiring chemical reactions stop when there is inadequate ATP
