Chapter 2-- Chemistry

Question 1

Largest percent of an element in human body by weight

Answer 1

Oxygen – 65.0%

Question 2

Largest percent of element in human body by #of atoms

Answer 2

Hydrogen – 63.0

Question 3

Electrolytes

Answer 3

Solutions from dissociation of cations and anions in water.

Can conduct an electric current
Ex. Na^+ Ca^2+ Cl^-

Question 4

Nonelectrolytes

Answer 4

Solutions made by molecules that dissolve in water

Do not dissociate; do not conduct electricity
Ex. Glucose (C6H12O6)

Question 5

Energy

Answer 5

The capacity to do work

Question 6

Potential Energy

Answer 6

Energy stored in chemical binds

Question 7

ATP and Potential Energy

Answer 7

IMG_2017.JPG

Question 8

Catalyst

Answer 8

Substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being permanently changed or depleted

Question 9

Enzymes

Answer 9

Protein catalyst (increases the rate of chemical reactions like in digestion)

Question 10

Inorganic Chemistry

Answer 10

Usually, substances that do not contain carbon
Like water, oxygen, or calcium phosphate

Exceptions: CO, CO2, and HCO3^-

Question 11

Solution

Answer 11

Mixture of liquids, gasses, or solids that are uniformly distributed and chemically combined

Question 12

Solvent

Answer 12

That which dissolved the solute

Question 13

Solute

Answer 13

That which dissolves in the solvent

Question 14

“TSDITSATMAS”

Answer 14

The solute dissolves in the solvent and thus makes a solution.

Question 15

Acid

Answer 15

Proton donor

-Think: a molecule or compound that releases H^+ is an acid

Question 16

Base

Answer 16

A proton acceptor

Think: a molecule or compound that accepts H^+, is a base

Question 17

Physiologic pH is…

Answer 17

7.4

Question 18

Organic Chemistry

Answer 18

Study of substances that contain carbon

-except for : CO, CO2, HCO3^-

Question 19

Four Major groups needed for living things

Answer 19

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

Question 20

Carbohydrates

Answer 20

Composed of C,H,O

• monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
• Energy sources and structure

Question 21

Lipids

Answer 21

Mostly C,H,O

• Relatively insoluble in water
• Protection, insulation, physiological regulation, component of cell membranes, energy source

Fats not soluble in water

Question 22

Proteins

Answer 22

C,H,O, N

Proteins regulate process; and aid transport, protection, muscle contraction, structure, and energy

Macromolecule consisting of long sequences of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Question 23

Nucleic acids

Answer 23

Of C,H,O, N, P
Examples: DNA, RNA, ATP

Polymer of nucleotides, consisting of DNA and RNA, forms a family of substances that comprise the genetic material of cells and control protein synthesis.

Question 24

Nucleotide

Answer 24

Basic building block of nucleic acids consisting of a sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose) and one of several types of organic bases.

Question 25

Inorganic Chemistry

Answer 25

Usually substances that do not contain carbon:

• Like water, oxygen, and calcium phosphate
• Exceptions: CO, CO2, HCO3^-

Question 26

Monosacchirides

Answer 26

Simple sugars:

Glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Question 27

Disaccharides

Answer 27

Two simple sugars bound together

Examples: sucrose, lactose

Question 28

Polysaccharides

Answer 28

Many monosaccharides
Storage molecules
-Glycogen formed by animals
-Starch and cellulose formed by plants

Question 29

Phospholipids

Answer 29

Polar(hydrophilic) one end; nonpolar(hydrophobic) at other

It is an important structural component of cell membranes

Question 30

Triglycerides

Answer 30

composed of glycerol and fatty acids

Question 31

Steroids

Answer 31

Cholesterol, bile salts, estrogen, testosterone–> carbon atoms arranged in four rings

Question 32

ATP

Answer 32

Adenosine Triphosphate

• Energy “currency” of the body
• provides energy for chemical reactions and drive cell processes or muscle contraction
• all energy requiring chemical reactions stop when there is inadequate ATP