Chapter 2 - Chemistry Flashcards
What is Matter?
Matter is anything that occupies space and has Mass.
What is Mass
Mass is the amount of Matter in any living organism or non living thing
What four major Elements make up majority of body mass?
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen make up 96% of body mass
Describe Atom and properties
An Atom is smallest unit of an element. Made up of a Nucleus which contains positively charged Protons and uncharged Neutrons. Nucleus is pos. charged. Electrons are Neg. charged an circle nucleus. # of Electrons = # of Protons.
What makes the Atomic Number?
Atomic number is number of protons in the nucleus of a atom.
What makes up Mass number?
Mass number is total number of Protons PLUS Neutrons.
What is an Ion?
An Ion is an Atom with a positive or negative charge due gaining or losing electrons.
What is a molecule?
When two or more atoms join by sharing a electron.
What is a compound?
A substance containing two or more DIFFERENT elements.
What is a Free Radical
An Ion with an unpaired electron in its outer shell.
What is a Cation and Anion?
A Cation is a positively charged Ion. A Anion is a negatively charged Ion.
What is an Ionic Bond?
A chemical bond between a Pos. and Neg. charged Ions through TRANSVERING or DONATING of outer shell electrons.
What is a Covalent Bond?
When two atoms or more SHARE outer shell electrons. The more shared the stronger the bond. Most common bond in human body.
What is a Hydrogen bond?
When a bond between a Hydrogen atom with a partially pos. charge attracts an atom with a partially neg. charge. Results from the attraction of opposite charged parts of molecules rather than of sharing like a covalent bond.
What is a Synthesis Reaction?
Synthesis reaction is combining two or more molecules. “Building up”
Anabolic reaction.
What is Decomposition Reaction?
Splitting or breaking down molecules.
Catabolic reaction.
What is an Exchange Reaction?
Consists of both Synthesis and Decomposition. Exchange parts to create something new.
What is a Reversible Reaction?
A reaction that can go either way depending on the condition.
What is a Non Polar Covalent Bond?
When atoms share electrons EQUALLY in a covalent bond. One atom does not attract the shared electron more than the other.
What is a Polar Covalent Bond?
Sharing of electrons is UNEQUAL. One attracts the shared electron more than the other. Ie. Water.
What is the difference between Inorganic Compounds and Organic?
Inorganic compounds usually lack Carbon an may be Ionic or Covalent Bond. Water, Salts, Acids and Bases.
Organic Compounds - always have Carbon and are Covalent Bonds. Proteins, Carbs and Lipids.
What is a Solvent?
A liquid or gas which another material (solute) has been dissolved in.
What are the 5 properties of Water?
1)Water is an excellent Solvent. 2)Water participates in Chemical Reactions (due to be a good solvent). 3)Water absorbs and releases Heat very slowly. 4)Water requires large amount of heat to change from liquid to gas. 5)Water serves as a Lubricant.
What is an Acid and properties?
An Acid is a substance that dissociates into 1 or more Hydrogen Ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
What is a Base and properties?
A Base dissociates into 1 or more Hydroxide Ions (OH-) when dissolved in Water.
What is a Salt?
When dissociates in water turns into a Cation or Anion neither of which are Hydrogen Ions (H+) or Hydroxide Ions (OH-).
Explain Acid - Base on Ph Scale.
Ph scale is 0 to 14 the higher the number the more Basic or Alkaline (Hydroxide Ions OH-) the solution is, the lower the number the more Acidic (Hydrogen Ions H+) the solution is. Water is in the middle of 7.
What is Ph of Blood?
Ph of Blood is between 7.35-7.45.
Describe the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System.
Bicarbonate Ion HCO3-, acts as a weak Base (Alkaline) where as Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) acts as a week Acid.
If there is too much Hydrogen Ions (H+)(Acidic) HCO3-(Bicarbonate Ion) can function as a weak base and remove excess H+.
Symbols for Hydrogen Ion, Hydroxide Ions, Bicarbonate Ion and Carbonic Acid.
Hydrogen Ion is H+
Hydroxide Ions OH-
Bicarbonate Ion HCO3-
Carbonic Acid H2CO3
Describe the reaction if the body is too Acidic. (Has too many H+).
Bicarbonate HCO3- acts as a weak base to absorb excess H+.
(H+) + (HCO3-) = H2CO3 Carbonic Acid = weak acid.
This is a Synthesis Reaction.
Describe the reaction when the body is to Alkaline and has a shortage of H+
Carbonic Acid H2CO3 can function as a weak acid and release H+.
(H2CO3) –> (H+) + (HCO3-)
What is a Carbohydrate?
An Organic Compound that includes Sugar, Glycogen, Starches and Cellulose.
What are the 3 main groups of Carbohydrates? And describe.
1)Monosaccharides is a simple sugar and are singular. ie Glucose.
2)Disaccharides is a simple sugar consist of two Monosaccharides.
3)Polysaccharides are complex Carbohydrates.
What is Dehydration Synthesis?
Dehydration Synthesis is a reaction when Carbohydrates and disaccharides are synthesized. A water molecule is formed and is lost.
What is Hydrolysis?
Is the reverse process where large molecules are broken down into smaller ones upon the addition of water.
What is Polysacharides?
Large complex carbohydrates that contain tens or hundred Monosaccharides. Joined by dehydration synthesis.
Describe Lipid’s.
The Lipid family are made up of Triglycerides (Fats and Oils), phospholipids, steroids, fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins.
Most Lipids are hydrophobic = Insoluble in water.
Describe Triglycerides.
The most plentiful lipid and bodies most highly concentrated form of chemical energy. 2x as much as carbs.
Made up of 3 Carbon Glycerol backbone and three fatty acids attached to each Carbon. Fatty acid chain may be saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated.
What is Saturated vs Monounsaturated vs Polyunsaturated.
Saturated contain a simple covalent bond and saturated in Hydrogen atoms. Increase risk of heart disease.
Monounsaturated - Contain fatty acid with double covalent bond between two fatty acid carbon atoms.
Polyunsaturated - Contain more than one double covalent bond between each fatty acid carbon atoms.
Mono and Poly decrease risk of heart disease.
Describe Phospholipids.
Has a glycerol backbone and two fatty acids attached to first two carbons, attached to third is a phosphate group. The tails of phospholipids are hydrophobic and head is hydrophilic. Line up tail to tail, creating plasma membrane.
Describe Steriods.
Contain Four Carbon rings.
Describe Proteins
Large molecules contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Complex structures. Give structure to body, contribute to many processes.
Describe Amino Acids
Building blocks of Proteins. A Polypeptide is a large number of amino acids.
What is denaturation?
Proteins are made up of many polypeptides. They have a three dimensional shape, if a protein unravels or loses its shape it is called denaturation.
What is Enzymes?
Molecules, usually proteins that speed up chemical reactions. Enzymes that speed up reactions without themselves being destroyed is called a Catalysis.
Similarities and differences of DNA and RNA.
Both are made up of Nucleic Acid. A Nucleic acid molecule is composed of repeating building blocks called Nucleotides.
DNA are double helix and is primary chemical in genes.
RNA is single stranded - Main function is to carryout instructions encoded in DNA for protein synthesis.
Describe ATP and its conversion to Energy.
ATP is energy of living organisms. ATP transfers energy from energy releasing reactions to energy requiring reactions.
Reactions occur via Hydrolysis, removes phosphate group from ATP.
ATP + H20 — ATPase– > Phosphate group + Energy.
The enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis is ATPase.
To create ATP
ADP + P + Energy —-ATPsynthiese –> ATP + H2O
