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Human Bio > Chapter 2 - Chemical Messengers > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Chemical Messengers Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

exocrine glands

A

💚 secrete into duct

💚 duct carries secretion to body surface/body cavities

💚sweat glands
💚mucous glands
💚salivary glands
💚glands of alimentary canal

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2
Q

endocrine glands

A

💚 secrete hormones

💚 secrete them into extracellular fluid of cell that makes up gland

      ⚫ secretion then passes into capillaries/bloodstream
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3
Q

The Endocrine Glands

A 
💚 hypothalamus 
💚 pituitary
💚 pineal
💚 thyroid 
💚 parathyroid 
💚 thymus  
💚 adrenal glands 
💚 pancreas
💚 gonads
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4
Q

Hormones

A

💚 secretion of an endocrine gland

💚 proteins and amines
💚 steroid

💚 transported in blood

💚 can affect all cells of body or specific cells (target cells)/organs (target organs)

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5
Q

paracrines

A

💚 local hormones

💚 diffuse from cells to adjacent cells

💚 move through extracellular fluid (not bloodstream)

💚 for cells to communicate with other cells

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6
Q

protein and amine hormones

A

💚 attach to receptor proteins in MEMBRANE of target cell

💚 receptor proteins
☑️ are specific
☑️ only a certain amount
☑️ different cells have different types and amounts

💚 hormone ➕ receptor ➡️ secondary messenger substance

secondary messenger substance
                ☑️ diffuses through cell 
                ☑️ activates particular enzymes
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7
Q

steroid hormones

A

💚 combine with receptor protein INSIDE CELL
(mitochondria, nucleus, other organelles)

hormone-receptor complex 
                    ☑️ activates genes 
                    ☑️ the genes control forming of particular protein
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8
Q

Hormones can…

A

1️⃣ activate certain genes in nucleus

2️⃣ change shape of enzyme (so it’s turned ON or OFF)

3️⃣ change rate of production of an enzyme

      ☑ done by changing rate of transcription/translation
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9
Q

enzyme amplification

A

💚 production of thousands of enzymes via bondage of hormone to receptor

hormone triggers cascading effect

➡️ no. of molecules involved increases x1000s for each step along metabolic pathway

💚 small stimulus = very large effect

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10
Q

hormone clearance

A

1️⃣ hormone molecules broken down

    ☑️ in liver/kidneys 
    ☑️ some in target cells

2️⃣ degraded hormones secreted

    ☑️ bile 
    ☑️ urine
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11
Q

Negative feedback system

A

💚 control of hormone secretions

☑️ regulates hormone secretions
☑️ response produced
➡️ opposite of stimulus that caused the secretion

☑️ regulating factors from hypothalamus
➡️ regulate function of pituitary

☑️ releasing factors from hypothalamus
➡️ stimulate release of a hormone OR inhibiting factors

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12
Q

Hypothalamus

A

💚 regulating and maintaining internal environment

    ☑️ body temperature 
    ☑️ water balance 
    ☑️ heart rate

💚 located at the base of the brain

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13
Q

Pituitary gland

A

💚 absolutely vital to internal functioning of body

💚 anterior and posterior lobe

💚 underneath and connected to hypothalamus
➡️ infundibulum

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14
Q

Anterior lobe of pituitary

A

💚 releases hormones that regulate bodily activities

💚 secretions controlled by releasing/inhibiting factors from hypothalamus
(extracellular fluid -> bloodstream)

💚 connected to hypothalamus by complex network of blood vessels

💚 FLATPEG

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15
Q

Hormones released by anterior lobe

A 
💚 FHS
💚 LH
💚 ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
💚 TSH 
💚 Prolactin 
💚 Endorphins*
💚 Growth hormone (GH)
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16
Q

Posterior lobe

A

💚 not a true gland

   ➡️ release hormones produced by hypothalamus

💚 connected by special neurosecretory cells (neurons)

   ➡️ hormones produced in these cells 
   ➡️ stored ready for release in posterior 
          ↪️ then released into bloodstream
17
Q

Hormones produced in posterior

A

💚 oxytocin

💚 anti-diuretic hormone

18
Q

Pineal gland

A

💚 secretes melatonin
➡️ regulation of sleep patterns
➡️ stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light

💚 located deep inside brain, tiny

19
Q

Thyroid gland

A

💚 in the neck

💚 two lobes on either side of trachea

💚 secretes thyroxine
➡️ controls body metabolism

20
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

💚 four

💚 embedded in rear surface of lobes of thyroid

💚 secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

         ➡️ controls calcium and phosphate levels in blood
21
Q

Thymus

A

💚 located in chest just above the heart, behind sternum

💚 secretes hormones called thymosins

                         ➡️ maturation of T-lymphocytes

💚 shrinks after puberty

22
Q

Adrenal glands

A

💚 one above each kidney

💚 each adrenal gland has an
☑️ adrenal cortex (outer)
☑️ adrenal medulla (inner)

23
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

💚 produce corticosteroids
(20 different hormones, 2 main ones)

1️⃣ aldosterone 
       (kidneys - decr sodium/incr potassium in urine)

2️⃣ cortisol 
       (helps promote normal metabolism, withstand stress, repair)
24
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

💚 adrenaline - sympathetic division, fight or flight

💚 noradrenaline - similar to adrenaline

                             ☑️ increases rate and force of heartbeat
25
Q

Pancreas

A

💚 just below stomach, alongside duodenum

💚 both and endocrine and exocrine gland

💚 exocrine
☑️ digestive enzymes

💚 endocrine
☑️ cells (islets of Langerhans/ pancreatic islets) secrete:

        1️⃣ insulin - reduces glucose in blood 
        2️⃣ glucagon - increases glucose in blood
26
Q

Gonads

A

💚 androgens
☑️ male sex hormones
☑️ testes

💚 oestrogen and progesterone
☑️ female sex hormones
☑️ ovaries

27
Q

Other endocrine tissues

A

💚 stomach and small intestine

☑️ secrete hormones coordinating exocrine glands of digestive system

💚 kidneys

☑️ ethryropoietin (EPO)

 ➡️ stimulates production of RBCs by bone marrow

💚 heart

☑️ hormone that helps reduce blood pressure

💚 placenta

☑️ hormones maintaining pregnancy (development of foetus, stimulate mothers mammary glands)

28
Q

Thyroxine

A

💚 increases metabolic rate

💚 target cells: most cells

💚 thyroid gland

29
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

💚 increases calcium levels in blood

💚 target cells: bones, kidneys

💚 parathyroid glands

30
Q

Thymosins

A

💚 stimulates development and maturation of T-lymphocytes (immune)

💚 target cells: T-lymphocytes

💚 thymus gland

31
Q

Aldosterone

A

💚 increases reabsorption of sodium ions,
increases excretion of potassium ions

💚 one of corticosteroids

💚 target cells: kidney

💚 adrenal cortex

32
Q

Cortisol

A

💚 promotes normal metabolism
💚 helps body with stress
💚 promotes repair of damaged tissues

💚 target cells: most cells

💚 one of corticosteroids

💚 adrenal cortex

33
Q

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

A

💚 prepares body for fight-or-flight responses
💚 reinforces effects effects of sympathetic nervous systems

💚 target cells: most tissues

💚 adrenal medulla

34
Q

Insulin

A

💚 stimulates uptake of glucose (lowers BSL)

💚 target cells: most cells

💚 pancreas

35
Q

Glucagon

A

💚 stimulates breakdown of glycogen and fat (increases BSL)

💚 target cells: liver and fat storage tissues

💚 pancreas

36
Q

Androgens

A

💚 stimulate sperm production
💚 growth of skeleton and muscles
💚 male sexual characteristics

💚 target cells: many tissues

💚 testes

37
Q

Oestrogens

A

💚 stimulate development of female characteristics
💚 regulate menstrual cycle

💚 target cells: many tissues

💚 ovaries

38
Q

Progesterone

A

💚 regulates menstrual cycle
💚 regulates pregnancy
💚 prepares mammary glands for milk secretion

💚 target cells: uterus and mammary glands

💚 ovaries

39
Q

Hormones of the anterior lobe

A

💚 FSH

☑️ ovaries: growth of follicles
☑️ testes: production of sperm

💚 Luteinising hormone

    ☑️ ovaries: ovulation, maintenance of corpus luteum
    ☑️ testes: secretion of testosterone

💚 Growth hormone

    ☑️ all cells
    ☑️ growth and protein synthesis

💚TSH (thyroid

Human Bio (6 decks)

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