Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

human biology > Chapter 2: Chemical Messengers > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemical Messengers Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

Secrete into a duct that carries the secretion to the body surface or to a body cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

Secrete hormones into the extracellular fluid that surrounds the cells and makes up the gland. It is then transported by the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A chemical messenger that effects the functioning of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a paracrine

A

A local hormone that works in its adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do protein and amine hormones work?

A

By attaching to a receptor in the plasma membrane and then sending a secondary messenger substance to diffuse through the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do steroid hormones work?

A

By entering the cell directly and combining with a receptor protein inside the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 functions of hormones?

A
  1. Activate certain genes
  2. Change the shape or structure of an enzyme
  3. Change the rate of production of an enzyme
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is meant by the term “enzyme amplification”

A

That one hormone molecule does not stimulate just one enzyme molecule, it stimulates thousands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is meant by the term, “hormone clearance”

A

Hormone clearance is the breakdown of the hormone once it has had the desired effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What controls the regulation of these things?

A

releasing and inhibiting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Base of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary?

A

The infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What hormones are secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A
  • Follicle stimulating hormone
  • Luteinising Hormone
  • Growth hormone
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
  • Prolactin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What hormones are RELEASED from the posterior pituitary?

A
  • Oxytocin

- Antidiuretic Hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are the hormones released by the posterior pituitary produced?

A

The hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

Deep inside the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What hormone is released by the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

in the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What hormones is released from the thyroid?

A

Thyroxine

Calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the effect if thyroxine and how is its release stimulated?

A

Controls the body metabolism

Thyroid stimulating hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands and how many are there

A

Behind the thyroid gland

There are 4 of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the effect of the parathyroid hormone?

A

It controls calcium and phosphate levels in the blood

23
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

In chest, just above the heart

24
Q

What is secreted by the thymus?

A

Thymosins

25
Q

What is the role of thymosins?

A

Influence the maturation of T-lymphocytes

26
Q

What are the two adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

27
Q

Which is the inner section of the adrenal gland?

A

The medulla

28
Q

What does the adrenal medulla produce?

A

Adrenaline and Noradrenaline

29
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Aldosterone and Cortisol

30
Q

What does the hormone adrenaline do?

A

Helps prepare the body for a fight or flight response

31
Q

What does the hormone noradrenaline do?

A

Similar to adrenaline, in particular it increases the rate and force of the heartbeat.

32
Q

What is the role of cortisol in the body?

A

Promotes normal metabolism

33
Q

What does the hormone aldosterone do?

A

Increases the amount of potassium and decreases sodium in the urine

34
Q

What are the clusters of cells called in the pancreas that produce hormones?

A

Islets of Langerhans

35
Q

What are the two types of cells in the Islets of Langerhans?

A

Alpha and Beta cells

36
Q

What do alpha cells produce?

A

Glucagon

37
Q

What do beta cells produce?

A

Insulin

38
Q

What is the effect of insulin on the blood sugar levels?

A

Decreases them

39
Q

What is the effect of Glucagon on blood sugar levels?

A

Increases them

40
Q

What hormone is produced by the testes?

A

Androgens

41
Q

What do androgens do?

A

Development and maintenance of male sex characteristics.

42
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

43
Q

What is the role of oestrogen and progesterone?

A

Stimulate the maintenance and development of female sex characteristics and also regulate the menstrual cycle.

44
Q

Target cells of thyroxine?

A

Most cells

45
Q

Target cells of parathyroid hormone?

A

Bones and kidneys

46
Q

Target cells of thymosins?

A

T-lymphocytes

47
Q

Target cells of aldosterone?

A

Kidney

48
Q

Target cells of cortisol?

A

most cells

49
Q

Target cells of adrenaline and noradrenaline?

A

most tissues

50
Q

Target cells of insulin

A

Most cells

51
Q

Target cells of glucagon

A

liver and fat storage tissues

52
Q

Target cells of androgens

A

Many tissues

53
Q

Target cells of oestrogen

A

many tissues

54
Q

Target cells of progesterone

A

uterus and mammary glands

human biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions