Chapter 2--Chemical Level of Organization

Question 1

Chemical Elements

Answer 1

the building blocks of living and nonliving matter

Question 2

Major Elements (4)

Answer 2

Oxygen O
Nitrogen N
Hydrogen H
Carbon C

Question 3

Lesser Elements (8)

Answer 3

Calcium Ca
Phosphorus P
Potassium K
Sulfur S
Sodium Na
Chlorine Cl
Magnesium Mg
Iron Fe

Question 4

Trace Elements (14)

Answer 4

Al, B, Cr, Co, Cu, F, I, Mn, Mo, Se, Si, Sn, V, Zn

Question 5

Subatomic Particles

Answer 5

protons, neutrons, & electrons

Question 6

Atomic Number

Answer 6

The number of protons in the nucleus

Question 7

Mass number

Answer 7

The sum of an atoms protons and neutrons

Question 8

Isotopes

Answer 8

Stable atoms of an element

Question 9

Radioactive isotopes

Answer 9

unstable, decaying nuclei

Question 10

half-life

Answer 10

time required for half of the radioactive ions to decay into stable form

Question 11

Dalton

Answer 11

or Atomic Mass Unit amu,

SU for measuring mass of atoms and subatomic particles

Question 12

Atomic Mass

Answer 12

avg mass of all its nat. occuring isotopes

Question 13

ion

Answer 13

atom with a + or - charge with unequal numbers of protons and electrons

Question 14

molecule

Answer 14

two or more atoms sharing electrons

Question 15

compound

Answer 15

substance of atoms of two or more elements

Question 16

free radical

Answer 16

atom with unpaired electron in the outermost shell

Antioxidants thought to counter this

Question 17

chemical bonds

Answer 17

forces which hold together the atoms of a molecule or compound

Question 18

valence shell

Answer 18

outermost shell

Question 19

octet rule

Answer 19

must be 8 valance electrons

Question 20

ionic bond

Answer 20

force of attraction that holds ions with opposite charges

Question 21

cation VS anion

Answer 21

+ charged ion VS - ion

Question 22

electrolyte

Answer 22

ionic compound that breaks into + and - ions in a solution

Question 23

covalent bonds

Answer 23

two or more atoms share electrons without gaining or losing

Question 24

hydrogen bond

Answer 24

hydrogen atom with + charge attracts - charged electronegative atoms
weak compared to ionic and covalent bonds

Question 25

chemical reaction

Answer 25

new bonds form and old bonds break

the foundation of all life processes

Question 26

metabolism

Answer 26

all chemical reactions in the body

Question 27

energy

Answer 27

the capacity to do work

Question 28

potential energy

Answer 28

energy stored by matter due to position

Question 29

kinetic energy

Answer 29

motioned matter

Question 30

chemical energy

Answer 30

energy stored in compound and molecule bonds

Question 31

Law of Conservation of Energy

Answer 31

energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be converted

Question 32

exergonic vs. endergonic reactions

Answer 32

release more energy than absorbed VS absorb more energy than released

Question 33

activation energy

Answer 33

energy needed to break apart the chemical bonds of reacting electrons
Temperature and concentration affect the collision of particles!

Question 34

catalysts

Answer 34

compounds that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy needed for reactions
Ex enzymes

Question 35

anabolism

Answer 35

synthesis reactions–2+ atoms, ions, or molecules combined to form larger molecules
A+B|AB

Question 36

catabolism

Answer 36

decomposition reactions
AB|A+B
Usually exergonic, releasing more energy than they absorb

Question 37

exchange reactions

Answer 37

both synthesis and decomposition

AB+CD|AD + CD

Question 38

reversible reactions

Answer 38

elements can break down back into original form

AB<>A+B

Question 39

oxidation–reductoin

Answer 39

oxidation–loss of electrons
reduction–gain of electrons
O-R reaction–paralell reaction