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BIOL 235 > Chapter 2: Chemical Level > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemical Level Flashcards

1
Q

3 components of non-living things

A
  1. Matter
  2. Mass
  3. Weight
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2
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

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3
Q

Mass

A

The amount of matter in any object

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4
Q

Weight

A

The force of gravity acting on matter

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5
Q

4 major chemical elements of the body

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Carbon
  3. Hydrogen
  4. Nitrogen
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6
Q

8 lesser elements of the body

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Phosphorus (P)
  3. Potassium (K)
  4. Sulfur (S)
  5. Sodium (Na)
  6. Chlorine (Cl)
  7. Magnesium (Mg)
  8. Iron (Fe)
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7
Q

Atoms

A

Make up elements and are the smallest units of matter

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8
Q

Subatomic particles (3 types)

A

Make up atoms:
1. Protons
2. Neutrons
3. Electrons

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9
Q

Atomic number

A

The # of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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10
Q

Mass number

A

The sum of an atoms protons and neutrons

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11
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of an element that have different #’s of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers

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12
Q

Ions

A

An atom that has a positive or negative charge b/c it has unequal #’s of protons and electrons (e.g., Ca2+)

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13
Q

Molecule

A

When 2 or more atoms share electrons (e.g., O2, H2O)

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14
Q

Compound

A

A substance containing atoms of 2+ different elements (e.g., H2O, NaCl)

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15
Q

Chemical bonds (3 types)

A

Forces that hold together the atoms of a molecule or compound, form when valence shell is chemically unstable
1. Ionic
2. Covalent
3. Hydrogen

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16
Q

Ionic bonds

A

The force of attraction that holds together ions with opp. charges resulting in a gain or loss of electrons (e.g., NaCl)

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17
Q

Covalent bonds

A

When 2+ share electrons rather than gaining or losing them

Types:
1. Non-polar = electrons shared equally (e.g., CH4)
2. Polar = electrons shared unequally (e.g., H2O)

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18
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Result from attraction of opp. charged parts of molecules (weakest type)

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19
Q

Surface tension

A

A measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid

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20
Q

Cohesion

A

The tendency of like particles to stay together (hydrogen bonds that link water molecules)

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21
Q

3 types of energy

A
  1. Potential = energy stored in matter
  2. Chemical = energy stored in chemical bonds
  3. Kinetic = energy of motion
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22
Q

Low of conservation of energy

A

The total amount of energy present at the beginning and end of a chemical rxn is the same. Although energy cannot be created or destroyed, it may be converted from one form to another

23
Q

Catalysts

A

Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a rxn to occur (e.g., enzymes)

24
Q

5 types of chemical rxns

A
  1. Synthesis (anabolism)
  2. Decomposition (catabolism)
  3. Exchange
  4. Reversible
  5. Redox (transfer of electrons btw atoms/molecules)
25
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Usually lack carbon + structurally simple (e.g., CO2, HCO3-, H2O)

26
Q

Organic compounds

A

Always contain carbon, always have covalent bonds

27
Q

Water

A

The most important abundant inorganic, polar compound in all living systems:
- Solvent (dissolves other substances)
- High heat capacity / heat of vaporization (requires a lot of heat to change state)
- Lubricant

28
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving (polar)

29
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water fearing (non-polar)

30
Q

Chemical rxns involving water (2 types)

A
  1. Hydrolysis = decomposition rxn involving water and breaks large molecules into smaller molecules
  2. Dehydration synthesis = when two smaller molecules join to form larger molecule(s) and water
31
Q

3 types of liquid mixtures

A
  1. Solution = small solute particles (transparent)
  2. Colloid = large solute particles (opaque)
  3. Suspension = contains solute particles that settle out + accumulate
32
Q

Buffer systems

A

Fxn to convert strong acids/bases in body fluids into weak acids/bases (weak acids/bases do not ionize easily) by adding / removing H+ and OH-

33
Q

5 types of organic compounds

A
  1. Carbs
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
  5. ATP
34
Q

Macromolecule

A

Small organic molecules that combine into large ones (e.g., carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

35
Q

Polymers

A

A large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of many identical or similar small building block molecules called monomers

36
Q

Carbohydrates (organic molecule 1)

A

Fxn = source of chemical energy to make ATP

Key elements = C, H, O

3 groups:
1. Monosaccharides (atoms)
2. Disaccharides (2 mono. joined via dehydration synthesis)
3. Polysaccharides (3+ mono. joined via dehydration synthesis)

e.g., sugar, glycogen, starch, cellulose

37
Q

Lipids (organic molecule 2)

A

Key elements = C, H, O

Groups:
1. Fatty acids
2. Triglycerids
3. Phospholipids
4. Steriods
5. Eicosanoids
6. Fat-soluble vitamins
7. Lipoproteins

38
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Simple sugar composed of atoms; soluble in water

39
Q

Disaccharides

A

Simple sugar composed of 2 mono. via dehydration synthesis; soluble in water

40
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Composed of 3+ mono. via dehydration synthesis; insoluble in water; e.g., starch, cellulose

41
Q

Fatty acids

A

Simplest lipid

Used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids or catabolized to generate ATP

2 types:
1. Saturated (completely saturated with H)
2. Unsaturated (not completely saturated with H)

42
Q

Triglycerides

A

Most plentiful lipid in the body + most highly concentrated form of chemical energy

Solid = saturated fat
Liquid = oil (monounsaturated or polysaturated)

43
Q

Phospholipids

A

Amphipathic (have polar and non-polar parts)

e.g., make up the plasma membrane of cells

44
Q

Steriods

A

4 rings of carbon atoms

E.g.,
- Cholesterol = cell membrane structure
- Estrogen/testosterone,
- Cortisol = blood sugar
- Bile salts = lipid digestion
- Vitamin D = bone growth

45
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Lipids derived from 20-carbon fatty acids

46
Q

Lipoproteins

A

A lipid-protein complex to help lipids become more soluble in blood plasma

47
Q

Proteins (organic molecule 3)

A

Large, complex molecules created from amino acids and polypeptides (chains of amino acids)

Key elements: C, H, O, N

Fxns:
- Catalytic: speed up rxns
- Structural: tissue, collagen, hair, skin
- Contractile: drive muscle contraction
- Immunological: acts as antibodies
- Transport: carry substances throughout body
- Regulatory: fun as hormones

48
Q

Denaturation

A

When a protein unravels and becomes non-functional

49
Q

Amino acids

A

Monomers (building blocks) of proteins, of which there are 20 types

50
Q

Enzymes

A

A protein molecule that acts as a catalysts in living cells (e.g., oxidases)

51
Q

Nucleic acids (organic molecule 4)

A

Huge organic compounds

Key elements = C, H, O, N, P

2 types:
1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

52
Q

DNA

A

Fxn: Encodes info to make proteins

Structure: Double stranded, A -> T, G -> C

Copying: Self-replicating

53
Q

RNA

A

Fxn: Carries the genetic code and helps make proteins

Structure: Single stranded, A -> U, G -> C

Copying: Made from DNA blueprint

54
Q

ATP (organic molecule 5)

A

Fxn: Energy of living systems in exergonic catabolic rxns

ATP+H2O->ADP+P+energy

ADP+P+energy->ATP+H2O

BIOL 235 (4 decks)

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