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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 2 - Chemical Basis for Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Chemical Basis for Life Flashcards

1
Q

Chemistry

A
  • The Composition of Substances and How They Change
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2
Q

Biochemistry

A
  • The chemistry of living things
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3
Q

Organic Chemistry

A
  • The chemistry of Carbon Based Molecules
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4
Q

Bulk Elements

A
  • Elements required in large amounts

ex: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorous

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5
Q

Trace Elements

A
  • Elements required in small amounts
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6
Q

Atomic Number

A
  • Number of Protons, Located Above the Atomic Symbol
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7
Q

Atomic Mass

A
  • The Number of Protons and Neutrons in the Element
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8
Q

How to find Neutrons

A
  • Subtract the Atomic Number from the Atomic Mass
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9
Q

Proton Charge

A
  • Positive
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10
Q

Neutron Charge

A
  • Neutral
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11
Q
  • Electron Charge
A
  • Negative
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12
Q

Net Charge Of An Atom

A
  • It is Neutral Due To The Protons and Electrons Inside the Nucleus Balancing It Out.
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13
Q

Number Of Electron Shells Located On A Nucleus

A
  • First Shell = 2 Electrons
  • Second Shell - 8 Electrons
  • Third Shell = 18 Electrons
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14
Q

Ion

A
  • An Atom That Has Lost Or Gained and Electron
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15
Q

Anion

A
  • Negative Ion that contains more electrons than protons
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16
Q

Cation

A
  • Positive ion that contains more protons than electrons
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17
Q

Isotopes

A
  • Contain a different number of neutrons than a regular element
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18
Q

Molecule

A
  • Two or more atoms joined together (NA + NA)
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19
Q

Compounds

A
  • Two atoms of different compounds joined together
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20
Q

What are the 3 types of bonding

A
  1. Covalent
  2. Compound
  3. Hydrogen
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21
Q

Covalent Bonding

A
  • Formed when two atoms SHARE electrons
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22
Q

Ionic Bonding

A
  • Are the TRANSFER of atoms from one to another
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23
Q

Hydrogen Bonding

A
  • Attraction of molecules due to their charges
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24
Q

Solvent

A
  • A substance in which other things can be dissolved in
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25
Q

Solutes

A
  • Are chemicals added to a solvent
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26
Q

Solvent + Solute =

A

Solution

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27
Q

What makes water an ideal transport medium?

A
  • It allows molecules to move molecules

ex: Blood

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28
Q

Hydrophillic

A
  • Water Loving
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29
Q

Hydrophobic

A
  • Water Hating
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30
Q

Describe One Property That Makes Water Important For Life

A
  • Water is the “Universal Solvent” and is used to dissolve a number of different solutes.
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31
Q

Three Types of Chemical Reactions

A
  • Synthesis
  • Decomposition
  • Exchange
32
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A
  • A newer more complex chemical is made from multiple, simpler chemicals. (Energy Required)
  • X + Y = XY
33
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A
  • A single, complex chemical is broken down into multiple, simpler chemicals. (Energy is Released)
  • XY = X+ Y
34
Q

Exchange Reaction

A
  • Certain atoms are exchanged between molecules ( No net energy)
  • AB+XY = AY +BX
35
Q

Types of Inorganic Compounds

A
  • Water
  • Salt
  • Acids
  • Bases
36
Q

Acids

A
  • Donate a proton when dissolved in water

- Hydrogen Donors and Proton Donors

37
Q

Bases

A
  • Accept a proton when added to water

- Proton Acceptors

38
Q

What happens when the body isnt at a neutral PH?

A
  • If the body is not at a neutral PH the body can go into Acidosis or Alkalosis.
39
Q

Organic Compounds Include…..

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
40
Q

Types of Organic Compounds

A
  • Monosaccharide
  • Polysaccharide
  • Disaccharides
41
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • 3 to 7 Carbon Atoms in a chain or ring
42
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • Two monosaccharides joined together
43
Q

Polysaccharide

A
  • Combination of many saccharides
44
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A
  • When water is created from the reaction of that forms disaccharides from monosaccharides
45
Q

Hydrolysis

A
  • When disaccharides are decomposed into its monosaccharide components (Using water in the reaction)
46
Q

Lipids

A
  • Used in the body for energy and stored in fat for future energy
47
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Used for energy, storage of energy, and cellular structure
48
Q

What are the 4 classes of lipids?

A
  • neutral fats (triglycerides)
  • phospholipids
  • steroids
  • eicosanoids
49
Q

What are triglycerides made of?

A
  • 3 fatty acids

- one glycerol molecule

50
Q

What is Glycerol?

A
  • A modified three-carbon simple sugar
51
Q

What is a Fatty Acid?

A
  • A chain of carbon atoms with one or two hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom by single or double bonds.
52
Q

When is a fatty acid called SATURATED

A
  • When the hydrocarbon chain is a single bond
53
Q

When is the fatty acid called UNSATURATED?

A
  • When they hydrocarbon chain has a double bond
54
Q

What is the difference between triglycerides and phospholipids?

A
  • The triglyceride contains three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone, while phospholipids contain two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol.
55
Q

What Are Eicosanoids?

A
  • Lipids that form a 20 - carbon fatty acid structure and a ring
56
Q

What Are Steroids?

A
  • Lipids that take the form of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings
57
Q

What Makes Up A Amino Acid?

A
  • Central carbon atom attached to a hydrogen atom, an amino acid (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a side chain (R)
58
Q

What does the “R” group do?

A
  • Defines each amino acid
59
Q

Peptide Chain

A
  • A chain of 10 or more amino acids linked together
60
Q

What is a chain of 100 (+) amino acids?

61
Q

What is a protein?

A
  • The most abundant organic molecule in the body
62
Q

What the the functions of a protein?

A
  • Cell structure and structural body tissue
  • controlling chemical reactions
  • regulating growth
  • transporting molecules
  • defending the body against invaders
  • catalyzing reactions inside the body
63
Q

Primary Structure

A
  • The sequence and number of amino acids that link together to form a poly peptide chain
64
Q

Secondary Structure

A
  • the natural bend of parts of the peptide chain as it

is formed in three dimensions

65
Q

What are the most common shapes of a protein?

A
  • The alpha - helix and the beta-pleated sheet
66
Q

Tertiary Structure

A
  • The overall shape of a single protein
67
Q

Quaternary Structure

A
  • Two or more protein chains formed a complex molecule
68
Q

What are the two types of Nucleic Acids?

A
  • DNA and RNA
69
Q
  • What sugar is in each DNA AND RNA?
A
  • Deoxyribose in DNA and Ribose in RNA
70
Q

What bases occur in DNA?

A
  • Gunanine, Adenine, Cytosine, and Thyamine
71
Q

What bases occie in RNA?

A
  • Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine, and Uracil
72
Q

Codon

A
  • The grouping of three nucleotides in DNA and RNA
73
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A
  • Messenger RNA (mRna)
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
74
Q

What is the differences between DNA and RNA

A
  • DNA contains Deoxyribose and Thyamine, while RNA contains Uracil for its base and ribose.
75
Q

What is ATP

A
  • Is a RNA nucleotide that contains adenine with two additional phosphate groups attached
76
Q

What is the function of ATP

A
  • Fuels the Body to do work

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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