Chapter 2 - Cells

Question 1

Define a system in the context of body organization.

Answer 1

A system is a group of organs that work together for a common purpose.

For example, the respiratory system supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood.

Question 2

What is an organ?

Answer 2

An organ is normally made up of two or more types of tissues that work together.

For example, the stomach is an organ with epithelial tissue on the inside and muscular tissue in the wall.

Question 3

Define tissues.

Answer 3

Tissues are groups of similar cells that carry out a common function.

Question 4

What are cells?

Answer 4

Cells are the lowest structural level and are specialized to carry out different functions.

For example, muscle cells can shorten in length, and red blood cells transport oxygen.

Question 5

How do all body systems work together?

Answer 5

All body systems work together to meet the needs of a functioning organism.

Question 6

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 6

The cell membrane separates the internal and external environment and determines which substances can enter or exit the cell.

Question 7

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

Answer 7

The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, membrane proteins, and cholesterol.

Question 8

What does ‘differentially permeable’ mean?

Answer 8

Differentially permeable refers to the ability of a cell membrane to only allow certain particles to pass through.

Question 9

Define passive transport process.

Answer 9

Passive transport is the movement of substances through the cell membrane requiring no energy.

Question 10

What is simple diffusion?

Answer 10

Simple diffusion is a passive process driven by the concentration gradient, resulting from the random movement of ions and molecules.

Question 11

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 11

Facilitated diffusion involves carrier proteins allowing large molecules to be transported across the membrane without energy.

Question 12

Define osmosis.

Answer 12

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane.

Question 13

What is active transport?

Answer 13

Active transport is the movement of molecules from low concentration to high concentration, requiring energy.

Question 14

What is vesicular transport?

Answer 14

Vesicular transport is the movement of substances across the cell membrane in membranous sacs called vesicles, requiring energy.

Question 15

What is endocytosis?

Answer 15

Endocytosis is the process of taking liquids or solids into the cell by folding the cell membrane around a particle.

Question 16

What is exocytosis?

Answer 16

Exocytosis is when the contents of a vesicle are passed to the outside of the cell.

Question 17

What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

Answer 17

Phagocytosis is the process of taking solids into the cell, while pinocytosis involves taking liquids.

Question 18

What are the types of tissues?

Answer 18

The four types of tissues are epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue.

Question 19

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Answer 19

Epithelial tissue covers or lines organs and consists of closely joined cells.

Question 20

What is the function of connective tissue?

Answer 20

Connective tissue provides support for the body and holds body parts together.

Question 21

What is the function of muscular tissue?

Answer 21

Muscular tissue consists of muscle fibers that can contract to become shorter.

Question 22

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Answer 22

Nervous tissue is made up of neurons that carry messages throughout the body.

Question 23

What is pinocytosis?

Answer 23

Pinocytosis is the process of taking liquids into the cell.

Question 24

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 24

Phagocytosis is when a vesicle contains a solid.

Question 25

What happens during exocytosis?

Answer 25

The vesicle formed inside the cell migrates to the cell membrane, and the contents are pushed out into the extracellular fluid.

Question 26

What are some examples of materials expelled during exocytosis?

Answer 26

Waste products or products made by the cell, such as carbon dioxide and hormones.

Question 27

How does a cell’s size and shape affect diffusion?

Answer 27

A cell with a small surface area but a large volume cannot support itself due to insufficient surface to absorb nutrients and remove waste.

Question 28

What is the importance of surface area to volume ratio in cells?

Answer 28

Cells must have a large surface area to volume ratio to effectively absorb nutrients and remove wastes via diffusion.

Question 29

How do concentration gradients affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 29

The greater the difference in concentration, the steeper the diffusion gradient and the faster the rate of diffusion.

Question 30

How does the chemical nature of materials affect their movement across a membrane?

Answer 30

larger molecules are unable to diffuse directly through the cell membrane and must use facilitaed diffusion.