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Cellular Physiology > Chapter 2 - Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Cell Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

Passive forces

A
  • forces that do not require the cell to expend energy to produce movement
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1
Q

Selectively permeable

A
  • characteristic of the plasma membrane - permits some particles to pass through, while excluding others
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2
Q

Active forces

A
  • forces that do require the cell to expend energy (ATP) to transport a substance across the membrane
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3
Q

Diffusion

A

-

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4
Q

Concentration gradient

A
  • a difference in concentration between two adjacent areas
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5
Q

Net diffusion

A
  • the difference between two opposing movements
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6
Q

Steady state

A
  • movement of molecules from area A to area B that is exactly matched by the movement of molecules from area B to area A
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7
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion

A
  • factors contributing to the rate of net diffusion across the membrane
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8
Q

Electrical gradient

A
  • a difference in charge between two adjacent areas that promotes the movement of ions towards the area of opposite charge
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9
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A
  • when both an electrical and a concentration gradient act simultaneously on a specific ion
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10
Q

Aquaporins

A
  • channels used for the passage of water - formed by membrane proteins - allow about a billion water molecules can pass single file through this channel in one second
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11
Q

Osmosis

A
  • net movement of water across a membrane down its concentration gradient - passive
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12
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A
  • the pressure exerted by a stationary fluid on an object (the plasma membrane)
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13
Q

Osmotic pressure

A
  • a measure of the tendency for water to move into that solution because of its relative concentration of nonpenetrating solute sand water
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14
Q

Tonicity

A
  • the effect the solution has on cell volume when the solution surrounds the cell
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15
Q

Isotonic solution

A
  • a solution with the same concentration of nonpenetrating solutes as normal body cells do
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16
Q

Hypotonic solution

A
  • a dilute solution - a solution with a below normal concentration of nonpenetrating solutes - causes RBCs to swell
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17
Q

Hypertonic solution

A
  • a concentrated solution - a solution w an above normal concentration of nonpenetrating solutes - the cells shrink as they lose water by osmosis
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18
Q

Transport maximum

A
  • the limit to the amount of a substance a carrier can transport across the membrane in a give time - related to carrier-mediated transport
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19
Q

Carrier-mediated transport

A
  • a molecule to be transported attaches to a binding site within the interior of the carrier on one side of the membrane - binding causes the carrier to flip its shape so that the same site is now exposed to the other side of the membrane - the bound molecule detaches from the carrier - the carrier reverts to its original shape
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20
Q

Active transport

A
  • requires the carrier to expend energy to transfer its passenger uphill against a concentration gradient, from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration - used to transport specific ions or polar molecule
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21
Q

Hydrogen ion H+ pumps

A
  • an example of the simple active transport - used by specialized stomach cells to transport H+ into the stomach lumen in association w he secretion of HCl during digestion of a meal - moves H+ against a tremendous gradient
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22
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase pump

A
  • involves the transfer of three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions in - an example of active transport
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23
Q

Cotransport carriers

A
  • an example of secondary active transport - example: luminal carriers in intestinal and kidney cells - two binding sites, one for Na+ and one for the nutrient molecule
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24
Q

Secondary active transport

A
  • Active transport - moves molecules against the concentration gradient - driven by ion gradient established by ATP requiring primary pump
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25
Q

Ion concentration gradient

A

-

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26
Q

Vesicular transport

A
  • transfers large particles between the ECF and the ICF by wrapping contents in membrane enclosed vesicles - requires energy expenditures by the cell - active method of transport
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27
Q

Pinocytosis

A
  • brings a small droplet of ECF into the cell - form of active, vesicular transport - plasma membrane dips inwards and pinches off at surface, forming an internalized vesicle
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28
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A
  • used to transport specific large polar molecule - active, vesicular transport - plasma membrane dips inwards and pinches off at the surface, forming an internalized vesicle
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29
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • used to transport multimolecular particles (bacteria and cellular debris) - active form of vesicular transport - cell extends pseudopods that surround particle, forming an internalized vesicle
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30
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • used to transport secretory products and large molecules passing through the cell intact - active, vesicular transport
31
Q

Nucleus

A
  • DNA and specialized proteins enclosed by a double-layered membrane - acts as a control centre of the cell providing storage of genetic material
32
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • the portion of the cell’s interior not occupied by the nucleus but contains numerous organelles, structural proteins, transport and secretory vesicles, and enzymes
33
Q

Intermediary metabolism

A
  • refers collectively to the large set of chemical reactions inside the cell that involve the degradation, synthesis, and transformation of small organic molecules.
34
Q

Anabolic

A
  • processes that favour the synthesis of molecules for building up organs and tissues
35
Q

Catabolic

A
  • processes that favour the breakdown of complex molecules into more simpler ones
36
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A
  • consists of adenosine with three phosphate groups attached - the universal energy carrier - cells use ATP to pay for the cost of operating he body’s cells
37
Q

Adenosine diphosphate

A
  • adenosine with two phosphate groups attached plus inorganic phosphate and energy -
38
Q

Reverse

  • characteristic of the plasma membrane - permits some particles to pass through, while excluding others
A

Selectively permeable

39
Q

Reverse

  • forces that do not require the cell to expend energy to produce movement
A

Passive forces

40
Q

Reverse

  • forces that do require the cell to expend energy (ATP) to transport a substance across the membrane
A

Active forces

41
Q

Reverse

-

A

Diffusion

42
Q

Reverse

  • a difference in concentration between two adjacent areas
A

Concentration gradient

43
Q

Reverse

  • the difference between two opposing movements
A

Net diffusion

44
Q

Reverse

  • movement of molecules from area A to area B that is exactly matched by the movement of molecules from area B to area A
A

Steady state

45
Q

Reverse

  • factors contributing to the rate of net diffusion across the membrane
A

Fick’s law of diffusion

46
Q

Reverse

  • a difference in charge between two adjacent areas that promotes the movement of ions towards the area of opposite charge
A

Electrical gradient

47
Q

Reverse

  • when both an electrical and a concentration gradient act simultaneously on a specific ion
A

Electrochemical gradient

48
Q

Reverse

  • channels used for the passage of water - formed by membrane proteins - allow about a billion water molecules can pass single file through this channel in one second
A

Aquaporins

49
Q

Reverse

  • net movement of water across a membrane down its concentration gradient - passive
A

Osmosis

50
Q

Reverse

  • the pressure exerted by a stationary fluid on an object (the plasma membrane)
A

Hydrostatic pressure

51
Q

Reverse

  • a measure of the tendency for water to move into that solution because of its relative concentration of nonpenetrating solute sand water
A

Osmotic pressure

52
Q

Reverse

  • the effect the solution has on cell volume when the solution surrounds the cell
A

Tonicity

53
Q

Reverse

  • a solution with the same concentration of nonpenetrating solutes as normal body cells do
A

Isotonic solution

54
Q

Reverse

  • a dilute solution - a solution with a below normal concentration of nonpenetrating solutes - causes RBCs to swell
A

Hypotonic solution

55
Q

Reverse

  • a concentrated solution - a solution w an above normal concentration of nonpenetrating solutes - the cells shrink as they lose water by osmosis
A

Hypertonic solution

56
Q

Reverse

  • the limit to the amount of a substance a carrier can transport across the membrane in a give time - related to carrier-mediated transport
A

Transport maximum

57
Q

Reverse

  • a molecule to be transported attaches to a binding site within the interior of the carrier on one side of the membrane - binding causes the carrier to flip its shape so that the same site is now exposed to the other side of the membrane - the bound molecule detaches from the carrier - the carrier reverts to its original shape
A

Carrier-mediated transport

58
Q

Reverse

  • requires the carrier to expend energy to transfer its passenger uphill against a concentration gradient, from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration - used to transport specific ions or polar molecule
A

Active transport

59
Q

Reverse

  • an example of the simple active transport - used by specialized stomach cells to transport H+ into the stomach lumen in association w he secretion of HCl during digestion of a meal - moves H+ against a tremendous gradient
A

Hydrogen ion H+ pumps

60
Q

Reverse

  • involves the transfer of three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions in - an example of active transport
A

Na+/K+ ATPase pump

61
Q

Reverse

  • an example of secondary active transport - example: luminal carriers in intestinal and kidney cells - two binding sites, one for Na+ and one for the nutrient molecule
A

Cotransport carriers

62
Q

Reverse

  • Active transport - moves molecules against the concentration gradient - driven by ion gradient established by ATP requiring primary pump
A

Secondary active transport

63
Q

Reverse

-

A

Ion concentration gradient

64
Q

Reverse

  • transfers large particles between the ECF and the ICF by wrapping contents in membrane enclosed vesicles - requires energy expenditures by the cell - active method of transport
A

Vesicular transport

65
Q

Reverse

  • brings a small droplet of ECF into the cell - form of active, vesicular transport - plasma membrane dips inwards and pinches off at surface, forming an internalized vesicle
A

Pinocytosis

66
Q

Reverse

  • used to transport specific large polar molecule - active, vesicular transport - plasma membrane dips inwards and pinches off at the surface, forming an internalized vesicle
A

Receptor mediated endocytosis

67
Q

Reverse

  • used to transport multimolecular particles (bacteria and cellular debris) - active form of vesicular transport - cell extends pseudopods that surround particle, forming an internalized vesicle
A

Phagocytosis

68
Q

Reverse

  • used to transport secretory products and large molecules passing through the cell intact - active, vesicular transport
A

Exocytosis

69
Q

Reverse

  • DNA and specialized proteins enclosed by a double-layered membrane - acts as a control centre of the cell providing storage of genetic material
A

Nucleus

70
Q

Reverse

  • the portion of the cell’s interior not occupied by the nucleus but contains numerous organelles, structural proteins, transport and secretory vesicles, and enzymes
A

Cytoplasm

71
Q

Reverse

  • refers collectively to the large set of chemical reactions inside the cell that involve the degradation, synthesis, and transformation of small organic molecules.
A

Intermediary metabolism

72
Q

Reverse

  • processes that favour the synthesis of molecules for building up organs and tissues
A

Anabolic

73
Q

Reverse

  • processes that favour the breakdown of complex molecules into more simpler ones
A

Catabolic

74
Q

Reverse

  • consists of adenosine with three phosphate groups attached - the universal energy carrier - cells use ATP to pay for the cost of operating he body’s cells
A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

75
Q

Reverse

  • adenosine with two phosphate groups attached plus inorganic phosphate and energy -
A

Adenosine diphosphate

Cellular Physiology (5 decks)

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