Chapter 2-Body Structure, Color, and Oncology Flashcards
1
Q
hist/o
A
tissue
2
Q
kary/o
A
nucleus
3
Q
leuk/o
A
white
4
Q
eti/o
A
cause (of disease
5
Q
gno/o
A
knowledge
6
Q
iatr/o
A
physician; medicine (also means treatment)
7
Q
lei/o
A
smooth
8
Q
lip/o
A
fat
9
Q
my/o
A
muscle
10
Q
onc/o
A
tumor; mass
11
Q
path/o
A
disease
12
Q
melan/o
A
black
13
Q
neur/o
A
nerve
14
Q
organ/o
A
organ
15
Q
rhabd/o
A
rod-shaped; striated
16
Q
sarc/o
A
flesh; connective tissue
17
Q
system/o
A
system
18
Q
xanth/o
A
yellow
19
Q
somat/o
A
body
20
Q
viscer/o
A
internal organs
21
Q
fibr/o
A
fiber
22
Q
aden/o
A
gland
23
Q
cancer/o, carcin/o
A
cancer
24
Q
cyan/o
A
blue
25
epitheli/o
epithelium
26
chlor/o
green
27
nat/o
birth
28
erythr/o
red
29
cyt/o
cell
30
chrom/o
color
31
dys-
painful; abnormal; difficult; labored
32
dia-
through; complete
33
hyper-
above; excessive
34
meta-
after; beyond; change
35
pro-
before
36
hypo-
below; incomplete; deficient; under
37
neo-
new
38
-cyte
cell
39
-genic
producing; originating; causing
40
-gen
substance or agent that produces or causes
41
-al, -ic, -ous
pertaining to
42
-plasia
condition of formation; development; growth
43
-osis
abnormal condition (means increase when used with blood cell word roots)
44
-oid
resembling
45
-pathy
disease
46
-logy
study of
47
-sis
state of
48
-plasm
growth; substance; formation
49
-stasis
control; stop; standing
50
-sarcoma
malignant tumor
51
-logist
one who studies and treats (specialist, physician)
52
-megaly
enlargement
53
-oma
tumor; swelling
54
Cell
Basic unit of all living things. The human body is composed of trillions of cells, which vary in size and shape according to functions.
55
Cell Membrane
Forms the boundary of the cell.
56
Cytoplasm
gel-like fluid inside the cell
57
nucleus
Largest structure within the cell, usually spherical and centrally located. It contains chromosomes for cellular reproduction and is the control center of the cell.
58
Chromosomes
Located in the nucleus of the cell. There are 46 chromosomes in all normal human cells, with the exception of mature sex cells, which have 23.
59
Genes
Regions within the chromosome. Each chromosome has several thousand genes that determine hereditary characteristics.
60
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
Comprises each gene; is a genetic material that regulates the activities of the cell.
61
Tissue
Group of similar cells that performs a specific function.
62
Muscle Tissue
Composed of cells that have a special ability to contract, usually producing movement.
63
Nervous Tissue
Found in the nerves, spinal cord, and brain. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling body activities.
64
Connective Tissue
Connects, supports, penetrates and encases various body structures. Adipose (fat), osseous (bone), tissues, and blood are types of connective tissue.
65
Epithelial Tissue
The major covering of the external surface of the body; forms membranes that line body cavities and organs and is the major tissue in glands.
66
Organ
Two or more kinds of tissues that together perform special body functions. For example, the skin is an organ composed of epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue.
67
System
Group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions. For example, the cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Its function is to transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells and remove carbon dioxide and other waste product.
68
Integumentary System
Composed of skin, nails, and glands. Forms a protective covering for the body, regulates body temperature, and helps manufacture vitamin D.
69
Respiratory System
Composed of nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, and lungs. Performs respiration which provides for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the body.
70
Urinary System
Composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Removes waste material (urine) from the body, regulates fluid volume, and maintains electrolyte concentration.
71
Reproductive System
Female reproductive system: composed of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands.
Male reproductive system: composed of testes, urethra, penis, prostate gland, and associated tubes.
Responsible for heredity and reproduction.
72
Cardiovascular System
Composed of the heart and blood vessels. Pumps and transports blood throughout the body.
73
Lymphatic System
Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides for defense against infection and drainage of extracellular fluid.
74
Digestive System
Composed of the gastrointestinal tract which includes: mouth, esophagus, stomach, large and small intestines plus accessory organs, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Prepares food for use by the body cells and eliminates waste.
75
Musculoskeletal System
Composed of muscle, bones, and joints. Provides movement and framework for the body, protects vital organs such as the brain, stores calcium, and produces red blood cells.
76
Nervous System
Composted of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Regulates body activities by sending and receiving messages.
77
Endocrine System
Composed of glands that secrete hormones. Hormones regulate many body activities.
78
Cranial Cavity
Space inside the skull (cranium) containing the brain.
79
Spinal Cavity
Space inside the spinal column containing the spinal cord.
80
Thoracic or Chest Cavity
Space containing the heart, aorta, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and mediastinal area
81
Abdominal Cavity
Space containing the stomach, intestines, kidneys, adrenal glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen and ureters.
82
Pelvic Cavity
Space containing the urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, parts of the small and large intestine, and the rectum.
83
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Both the pelvic and abdominal cavities.
84
Adenocarcinoma
cancerous tumor of glandular tissue
85
adenoma
tumor composed of glandular tissue (benign)
86
carcinoma (CA)
cancerous tumor (malignant, arising from myeloid tissue)
87
epithelioma
tumor composed of epithelium (may be benign or malignant)
88
fibroma
tumor composed of fiber (fibrous tissue) (benign)
89
fibrosarcoma
malignant tumor composed of fiber (fibrous tissue)
90
leiomyoma
tumor composed of smooth muscle (benign)
91
leiomyosarcoma
malignant tumor of smooth muscle
92
lipoma
tumor composed of fat (benign tumor)
93
liposarcoma
malignant tumor of fat
94
melanocarcinoma
cancerous black tumor (malignant)
95
melanoma
black tumor (primarily of the skin)
96
myoma
tumor composed of muscle (benign)
97
neoplasm
new growth (of abnormal tissue, benign or malignant)
98
neuroma
tumor composed of nerve (benign)
99
rhabdomyoma
tumor composed of striated muscle (benign)
100
rhabdomyosarcoma
malignant tumor of striated muscle
101
sarcoma
tumor of connective tissue (such as bone or cartilage) (highly malignant)
102
cytogenic
producing cells
103
cytoid
resembling a cell
104
cytology
study of cell
105
cytoplasm
cell substance
106
dysplasia
abnormal development
107
epithelial
pertaining to epithelium
108
erythrocytosis (RBC)
increase in the number of red (blood) cells
109
histology
study of tissue
110
hyperplasia
excessive development (number of cells)
111
hypoplasia
incomplete development (of an organ or tissues)
112
karyocyte
cell with a nucleus
113
karyoplasm
substance of a nucleus
114
leukocyte (WBC)
white (blood) cell
115
leukocytosis
increase in the number of white (blood) cells
116
lipoid
resembling fat
117
myopathy
disease of the muscle
118
neurorid
resembling a nerve
119
organomegaly
enlargement of an organ
120
somatic
pertaining to the body
121
somatoplasm
body substance
122
systemic
pertaining to a (body) system (or the body as a whole)
123
visceral
pertaining to the internal organs
124
cancerous
pertaining to cancer
125
carcinogen
substance that causes cancer
126
carcinogenic
producing cancer
127
cyanosis
abnormal condition of blue (bluish discoloration, especially of the skin, caused by inadequate supply of oxygen in the blood)
128
diagnosis (Dx)
state of complete knowledge (identifying a disease)
129
etiology
study of causes (of diseases)
130
iatrogenic
produced by a physician (the unexpected results from a treatment prescribed by a physician)
131
metastasis (pl. Metastases) (mets)
beyond control (transfer of cells from one organ to another, as in malignant tumors)
132
oncogenic
causing tumors
133
oncologist
physician who studies and treats (malignant) tumors
134
oncology
study of tumors (a branch of medicine concerned with the study of malignant tumors)
135
organic
pertaining to an organ
136
pathogenic
producing disease
137
pathologist
physician who studies diseases (examines biopsies and performs autopsies to determine the cause of disease or death.)
138
pathology
study of disease (a branch of medicine dealing with the study of the causes of disease and death)
139
prognosis (Px)
state of before knowledge (prediction of the outcome of disease)
140
xanthochromic
pertaining to yellow color
141
xanthosis
abnormal condition of yellow (discoloration)
142
apoptosis
programmed cell death, a mechanis for cell deletion to regulate cell population, or destroy damaged or defective cells. Some cancers disrupt apoptosis; cells lose their ability to die and live forever.
143
benign
not malignant, non recurrent, favorable for recovery
144
biological therapy
treatment of cancer with biological response modifiers (BRM) that work with the immune system. (Also called biotherapy or immunotherapy.)
145
carcinoma in situ
cancer in the early stage before invading surrounding tissue
146
chemotherapy (chemo)
treatment of cancer with drugs
147
encapsulated
enclosed within a capsule, as with benign or malignant tumors that have not spread beyond the capsule of the organ in which it originated
148
exacerbation
increase in the severity of a disease or its symptoms
149
hospice
provides palliative or supportive care for terminally ill patients and their families
150
idiopathic
pertaining to disease of unknown origins
151
inflammation
localized protective response to injury or tissue destruction characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain
152
in vitro
within a glass, observable within a test tube
153
in vivo
within the living body
154
malignant
tending to become progressively worse and to cause death, as in cancer.
155
morbidity
state of being diseased or unwell; incidence of illness in a population
156
mortality
state of being mortal (death); incidence of the number of deaths in a population
157
palliative
providing relief but not cure
158
radiation therapy (XRT)
treatment of cancer with a radioactive substance, x-ray, or radiation (also called radiation oncology and radiotherapy)
159
remission
improvement or absence of signs of disease
160
Neoadjuvant Therapy
a cancer treatment that precedes other treatment, such as administering chemotherapy or radiation therapy to a patient before surgery.
161
Adjuvant Chemotherapy
the use of chemotherapy after or in combination with another form of cancer treatment such as administering chemotherapy after surgery or with radiation therapy.
162
Brachytherapy
the use of radiotherapy in which the source of radiation is placed within or close to the area being treated, such as implantation of radiation sources into the breast to treat cancer
163
Biological Therapy
the treatment of cancer with the use of man-made biological response modifiers (BRM) that occur naturally in the body. They alter the immune system's interaction with cancer cells to restore, direct or boost the body's ability to fight disease. For example, an agent called "rituximab (Rituxan)", a monoclonal antibody, is used to treat some lymphomas. Other biologic agents are "thalidomide," which is used to treat multiple myeloma, and "interferon", which is used in the treatment of lymphomas.
164
Hospice and Palliative Medicine
a medical subspecialty recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties.
165
Hospice Care
a facility or program that provides a caring environment to meet the physical and emotional needs of the terminally ill and their families. Medicare, Medicaid, and other payers offer service to patients who have a prognosis of sic months or less if the disease follows its natural course, and the patient agrees to forego curative forms of treatment. A team-based palliative care approach is used in an out-of-hospital setting, usually in the patient's home.
166
Palliative Care
Provides symptom management to relieve suffering in all stages of disease and is not limited to care at the end of life. The care provided honors the patient's values and preferences throughout his or her illness. Palliative care is available to the patient at the same time as curative or life prolonging treatment. Hospice care involves palliative care; not all of palliative care is hospice care.
167
CA
carcinoma
168
chemo
chemotherapy
169
Dx
diagnosis
170
mets
metastases
171
Px
prognosis
172
RBC
Red blood cell
173
XRT
radiation therapy
174
WBC
White blood cell
175
genome
the complete set of genes for all the cells of a specific organism
176
genomics
the study of genomes and its products and interactions
177
Medical Genomics
the study of the genome and how it can be used to determine the cause, treatment, and prevention of disease.
178
Gene Therapy
therapeutic procedure in which genes are intentionally introduce into human body cells to achieve gene repair, gene suppression, or gene addition
179
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Immature cells found in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. They have the potential to develop into mature cells of any type of body tissue or form mature blood cells. May be obtained from: the patient (autologous) from an identical twin (synergetic), or from a sibling or other individual (allogenic)
180
Embryonic Stem Cells
derived from the earliest stage of development of the embryo and have the potential to develop into mature body cells.
181
Four categories of human body
Cells, tissues, organs, and systems
