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Medical Terminology > Chapter 2-Body Structure, Color, and Oncology > Flashcards

Chapter 2-Body Structure, Color, and Oncology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

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2
Q

kary/o

A

nucleus

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3
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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4
Q

eti/o

A

cause (of disease

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5
Q

gno/o

A

knowledge

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6
Q

iatr/o

A

physician; medicine (also means treatment)

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7
Q

lei/o

A

smooth

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8
Q

lip/o

A

fat

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9
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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10
Q

onc/o

A

tumor; mass

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11
Q

path/o

A

disease

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12
Q

melan/o

A

black

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13
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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14
Q

organ/o

A

organ

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15
Q

rhabd/o

A

rod-shaped; striated

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16
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh; connective tissue

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17
Q

system/o

A

system

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18
Q

xanth/o

A

yellow

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19
Q

somat/o

A

body

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20
Q

viscer/o

A

internal organs

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21
Q

fibr/o

A

fiber

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22
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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23
Q

cancer/o, carcin/o

A

cancer

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24
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

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25
Q

epitheli/o

A

epithelium

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26
Q

chlor/o

A

green

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27
Q

nat/o

A

birth

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28
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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29
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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30
Q

chrom/o

A

color

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31
Q

dys-

A

painful; abnormal; difficult; labored

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32
Q

dia-

A

through; complete

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33
Q

hyper-

A

above; excessive

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34
Q

meta-

A

after; beyond; change

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35
Q

pro-

A

before

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36
Q

hypo-

A

below; incomplete; deficient; under

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37
Q

neo-

A

new

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38
Q

-cyte

A

cell

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39
Q

-genic

A

producing; originating; causing

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40
Q

-gen

A

substance or agent that produces or causes

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41
Q

-al, -ic, -ous

A

pertaining to

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42
Q

-plasia

A

condition of formation; development; growth

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43
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition (means increase when used with blood cell word roots)

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44
Q

-oid

A

resembling

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45
Q

-pathy

A

disease

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46
Q

-logy

A

study of

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47
Q

-sis

A

state of

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48
Q

-plasm

A

growth; substance; formation

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49
Q

-stasis

A

control; stop; standing

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50
Q

-sarcoma

A

malignant tumor

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51
Q

-logist

A

one who studies and treats (specialist, physician)

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52
Q

-megaly

A

enlargement

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53
Q

-oma

A

tumor; swelling

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54
Q

Cell

A

Basic unit of all living things. The human body is composed of trillions of cells, which vary in size and shape according to functions.

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55
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Forms the boundary of the cell.

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56
Q

Cytoplasm

A

gel-like fluid inside the cell

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57
Q

nucleus

A

Largest structure within the cell, usually spherical and centrally located. It contains chromosomes for cellular reproduction and is the control center of the cell.

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58
Q

Chromosomes

A

Located in the nucleus of the cell. There are 46 chromosomes in all normal human cells, with the exception of mature sex cells, which have 23.

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59
Q

Genes

A

Regions within the chromosome. Each chromosome has several thousand genes that determine hereditary characteristics.

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60
Q

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

Comprises each gene; is a genetic material that regulates the activities of the cell.

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61
Q

Tissue

A

Group of similar cells that performs a specific function.

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62
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Composed of cells that have a special ability to contract, usually producing movement.

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63
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Found in the nerves, spinal cord, and brain. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling body activities.

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64
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Connects, supports, penetrates and encases various body structures. Adipose (fat), osseous (bone), tissues, and blood are types of connective tissue.

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65
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

The major covering of the external surface of the body; forms membranes that line body cavities and organs and is the major tissue in glands.

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66
Q

Organ

A

Two or more kinds of tissues that together perform special body functions. For example, the skin is an organ composed of epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue.

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67
Q

System

A

Group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions. For example, the cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Its function is to transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells and remove carbon dioxide and other waste product.

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68
Q

Integumentary System

A

Composed of skin, nails, and glands. Forms a protective covering for the body, regulates body temperature, and helps manufacture vitamin D.

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69
Q

Respiratory System

A

Composed of nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes, and lungs. Performs respiration which provides for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the body.

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70
Q

Urinary System

A

Composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Removes waste material (urine) from the body, regulates fluid volume, and maintains electrolyte concentration.

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71
Q

Reproductive System

A

Female reproductive system: composed of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands.
Male reproductive system: composed of testes, urethra, penis, prostate gland, and associated tubes.
Responsible for heredity and reproduction.

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72
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Composed of the heart and blood vessels. Pumps and transports blood throughout the body.

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73
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides for defense against infection and drainage of extracellular fluid.

74
Q

Digestive System

A

Composed of the gastrointestinal tract which includes: mouth, esophagus, stomach, large and small intestines plus accessory organs, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Prepares food for use by the body cells and eliminates waste.

75
Q

Musculoskeletal System

A

Composed of muscle, bones, and joints. Provides movement and framework for the body, protects vital organs such as the brain, stores calcium, and produces red blood cells.

76
Q

Nervous System

A

Composted of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Regulates body activities by sending and receiving messages.

77
Q

Endocrine System

A

Composed of glands that secrete hormones. Hormones regulate many body activities.

78
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Space inside the skull (cranium) containing the brain.

79
Q

Spinal Cavity

A

Space inside the spinal column containing the spinal cord.

80
Q

Thoracic or Chest Cavity

A

Space containing the heart, aorta, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and mediastinal area

81
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Space containing the stomach, intestines, kidneys, adrenal glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen and ureters.

82
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

Space containing the urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, parts of the small and large intestine, and the rectum.

83
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Both the pelvic and abdominal cavities.

84
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

cancerous tumor of glandular tissue

85
Q

adenoma

A

tumor composed of glandular tissue (benign)

86
Q

carcinoma (CA)

A

cancerous tumor (malignant, arising from myeloid tissue)

87
Q

epithelioma

A

tumor composed of epithelium (may be benign or malignant)

88
Q

fibroma

A

tumor composed of fiber (fibrous tissue) (benign)

89
Q

fibrosarcoma

A

malignant tumor composed of fiber (fibrous tissue)

90
Q

leiomyoma

A

tumor composed of smooth muscle (benign)

91
Q

leiomyosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of smooth muscle

92
Q

lipoma

A

tumor composed of fat (benign tumor)

93
Q

liposarcoma

A

malignant tumor of fat

94
Q

melanocarcinoma

A

cancerous black tumor (malignant)

95
Q

melanoma

A

black tumor (primarily of the skin)

96
Q

myoma

A

tumor composed of muscle (benign)

97
Q

neoplasm

A

new growth (of abnormal tissue, benign or malignant)

98
Q

neuroma

A

tumor composed of nerve (benign)

99
Q

rhabdomyoma

A

tumor composed of striated muscle (benign)

100
Q

rhabdomyosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of striated muscle

101
Q

sarcoma

A

tumor of connective tissue (such as bone or cartilage) (highly malignant)

102
Q

cytogenic

A

producing cells

103
Q

cytoid

A

resembling a cell

104
Q

cytology

A

study of cell

105
Q

cytoplasm

A

cell substance

106
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal development

107
Q

epithelial

A

pertaining to epithelium

108
Q

erythrocytosis (RBC)

A

increase in the number of red (blood) cells

109
Q

histology

A

study of tissue

110
Q

hyperplasia

A

excessive development (number of cells)

111
Q

hypoplasia

A

incomplete development (of an organ or tissues)

112
Q

karyocyte

A

cell with a nucleus

113
Q

karyoplasm

A

substance of a nucleus

114
Q

leukocyte (WBC)

A

white (blood) cell

115
Q

leukocytosis

A

increase in the number of white (blood) cells

116
Q

lipoid

A

resembling fat

117
Q

myopathy

A

disease of the muscle

118
Q

neurorid

A

resembling a nerve

119
Q

organomegaly

A

enlargement of an organ

120
Q

somatic

A

pertaining to the body

121
Q

somatoplasm

A

body substance

122
Q

systemic

A

pertaining to a (body) system (or the body as a whole)

123
Q

visceral

A

pertaining to the internal organs

124
Q

cancerous

A

pertaining to cancer

125
Q

carcinogen

A

substance that causes cancer

126
Q

carcinogenic

A

producing cancer

127
Q

cyanosis

A

abnormal condition of blue (bluish discoloration, especially of the skin, caused by inadequate supply of oxygen in the blood)

128
Q

diagnosis (Dx)

A

state of complete knowledge (identifying a disease)

129
Q

etiology

A

study of causes (of diseases)

130
Q

iatrogenic

A

produced by a physician (the unexpected results from a treatment prescribed by a physician)

131
Q

metastasis (pl. Metastases) (mets)

A

beyond control (transfer of cells from one organ to another, as in malignant tumors)

132
Q

oncogenic

A

causing tumors

133
Q

oncologist

A

physician who studies and treats (malignant) tumors

134
Q

oncology

A

study of tumors (a branch of medicine concerned with the study of malignant tumors)

135
Q

organic

A

pertaining to an organ

136
Q

pathogenic

A

producing disease

137
Q

pathologist

A

physician who studies diseases (examines biopsies and performs autopsies to determine the cause of disease or death.)

138
Q

pathology

A

study of disease (a branch of medicine dealing with the study of the causes of disease and death)

139
Q

prognosis (Px)

A

state of before knowledge (prediction of the outcome of disease)

140
Q

xanthochromic

A

pertaining to yellow color

141
Q

xanthosis

A

abnormal condition of yellow (discoloration)

142
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death, a mechanis for cell deletion to regulate cell population, or destroy damaged or defective cells. Some cancers disrupt apoptosis; cells lose their ability to die and live forever.

143
Q

benign

A

not malignant, non recurrent, favorable for recovery

144
Q

biological therapy

A

treatment of cancer with biological response modifiers (BRM) that work with the immune system. (Also called biotherapy or immunotherapy.)

145
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

cancer in the early stage before invading surrounding tissue

146
Q

chemotherapy (chemo)

A

treatment of cancer with drugs

147
Q

encapsulated

A

enclosed within a capsule, as with benign or malignant tumors that have not spread beyond the capsule of the organ in which it originated

148
Q

exacerbation

A

increase in the severity of a disease or its symptoms

149
Q

hospice

A

provides palliative or supportive care for terminally ill patients and their families

150
Q

idiopathic

A

pertaining to disease of unknown origins

151
Q

inflammation

A

localized protective response to injury or tissue destruction characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain

152
Q

in vitro

A

within a glass, observable within a test tube

153
Q

in vivo

A

within the living body

154
Q

malignant

A

tending to become progressively worse and to cause death, as in cancer.

155
Q

morbidity

A

state of being diseased or unwell; incidence of illness in a population

156
Q

mortality

A

state of being mortal (death); incidence of the number of deaths in a population

157
Q

palliative

A

providing relief but not cure

158
Q

radiation therapy (XRT)

A

treatment of cancer with a radioactive substance, x-ray, or radiation (also called radiation oncology and radiotherapy)

159
Q

remission

A

improvement or absence of signs of disease

160
Q

Neoadjuvant Therapy

A

a cancer treatment that precedes other treatment, such as administering chemotherapy or radiation therapy to a patient before surgery.

161
Q

Adjuvant Chemotherapy

A

the use of chemotherapy after or in combination with another form of cancer treatment such as administering chemotherapy after surgery or with radiation therapy.

162
Q

Brachytherapy

A

the use of radiotherapy in which the source of radiation is placed within or close to the area being treated, such as implantation of radiation sources into the breast to treat cancer

163
Q

Biological Therapy

A

the treatment of cancer with the use of man-made biological response modifiers (BRM) that occur naturally in the body. They alter the immune system’s interaction with cancer cells to restore, direct or boost the body’s ability to fight disease. For example, an agent called “rituximab (Rituxan)”, a monoclonal antibody, is used to treat some lymphomas. Other biologic agents are “thalidomide,” which is used to treat multiple myeloma, and “interferon”, which is used in the treatment of lymphomas.

164
Q

Hospice and Palliative Medicine

A

a medical subspecialty recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties.

165
Q

Hospice Care

A

a facility or program that provides a caring environment to meet the physical and emotional needs of the terminally ill and their families. Medicare, Medicaid, and other payers offer service to patients who have a prognosis of sic months or less if the disease follows its natural course, and the patient agrees to forego curative forms of treatment. A team-based palliative care approach is used in an out-of-hospital setting, usually in the patient’s home.

166
Q

Palliative Care

A

Provides symptom management to relieve suffering in all stages of disease and is not limited to care at the end of life. The care provided honors the patient’s values and preferences throughout his or her illness. Palliative care is available to the patient at the same time as curative or life prolonging treatment. Hospice care involves palliative care; not all of palliative care is hospice care.

167
Q

CA

A

carcinoma

168
Q

chemo

A

chemotherapy

169
Q

Dx

A

diagnosis

170
Q

mets

A

metastases

171
Q

Px

A

prognosis

172
Q

RBC

A

Red blood cell

173
Q

XRT

A

radiation therapy

174
Q

WBC

A

White blood cell

175
Q

genome

A

the complete set of genes for all the cells of a specific organism

176
Q

genomics

A

the study of genomes and its products and interactions

177
Q

Medical Genomics

A

the study of the genome and how it can be used to determine the cause, treatment, and prevention of disease.

178
Q

Gene Therapy

A

therapeutic procedure in which genes are intentionally introduce into human body cells to achieve gene repair, gene suppression, or gene addition

179
Q

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

A

Immature cells found in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. They have the potential to develop into mature cells of any type of body tissue or form mature blood cells. May be obtained from: the patient (autologous) from an identical twin (synergetic), or from a sibling or other individual (allogenic)

180
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells

A

derived from the earliest stage of development of the embryo and have the potential to develop into mature body cells.

181
Q

Four categories of human body

A

Cells, tissues, organs, and systems

Medical Terminology (6 decks)

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