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Adolescent Psychology > Chapter 2 - Biological Foundations > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Biological Foundations Flashcards

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1
Q

The changes in physiology, anatomy, and physical functioning that develop a person into a mature adult biologically and prepare the body for sexual reproduction

A

Puberty

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2
Q

A network of glands in the body. Through hormones, the glands coordinate the functioning and affect the development and functioning of the body

A

Endocrine system

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3
Q

Chemicals, released by the glands of the endocrine system, that affect the development and functioning of the body, including development during puberty

A

Hormones

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4
Q

The “master gland,” located in the lower part of the brain beneath the cortex, that affects a wide range of physiological and psychological functioning and stimulates and regulates the production of hormones by other glands, including the ones involved in the initiation of puberty

A

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

Hormone released by the hypothalamus that causes gonadotropins to be released by the pituitary

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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6
Q

A protein, produced by fat cells, that signals the hypothalamus to initiate the hormonal changes of puberty

A

Leptin

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7
Q

A gland about half an inch long located at the base of the brain that releases gonadotropins as part of the body’s preparation for reproduction

A

Pituitary gland

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8
Q

Hormones, FSH and LH, that stimulate the development of gametes

A

Gonadotropins

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9
Q

Along with LH, stimulates the development of gametes and sex hormones in the ovaries and testicles

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH

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10
Q

Along with FSH, stimulates the development of gametes and sex hormones in the ovaries and testicles

A

Luteinizing hormone LH

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11
Q

Cells, distinctive to each sex, that are involved in reproduction (egg cells in the ovaries of the female and sperm in the testes of the male)

A

Gametes

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12
Q

The ovaries and testicles. Also known as the sex glands

A

Gonads

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13
Q

Androgens and estrogens that cause the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics

A

Sex hormones

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14
Q

The sex hormones that have especially high levels in females from puberty onward and are mostly responsible for female primary and secondary sex characteristics

A

Estrogens

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15
Q

The sex hormones that have especially high levels in males from puberty onward and are mostly responsible for male primary and secondary sex characteristics

A

Androgens

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16
Q

The estrogen most important in pubertal development among girls

A

Estradiol

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17
Q

The androgen most important in pubertal development among boys

A

Testosterone

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18
Q

The hormone that causes the adrenal glands to increase androgen production

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

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19
Q

System of hormones involving the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads, which monitors and adjust the levels of the sex hormones

A

Feedback loop

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20
Q

Optimal level of sex hormones in the body. When this point is reached, responses in the glands of the feedback loop cause the production of sex hormones to be reduced

A

Set point

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21
Q

The rapid increase in height of that takes place at the beginning of puberty

A

Adolescent growth spurt

22
Q

The point at which the adolescent growth spurt is at its maximum rate

A

Peak height velocity

Girls typically reach the beginning of their growth spurt as well as their peak height velocity about two years earlier than boys. Girls also mature about two years ahead of boys

23
Q

Uneven growth of different parts of the body during puberty

A

Asynchronicity

24
Q

The feet, hands, and head

A

Extremities

25
Q

The amount of air that can be exhaled after a deep breath, which increases rapidly during puberty, especially for boys

A

Vital capacity

26
Q

A measure of the ability of the body to take in oxygen and transport it to various organs; peaks in the early 20s

A

Maximum oxygen uptake VO2 max

27
Q

A measure of the quantity of blood pumped by the heart

A

Cardiac output

Peaks at age 25

28
Q

Efforts to reduce health problems in young people through encouraging changes in the behaviours that put young people at risk

A

Health promotion

29
Q

The production of eggs and sperm and the development of the sex organs

A

Primary sex characteristics

30
Q

Bodily changes of puberty not directly related to reproduction

A

Secondary sex characteristics

Example: growing hair in the pubic areas and armpits, facial hair, hairiness on the arms and legs, sweat glands increase production making skin oilier and more prone to acne, stronger body odor, deepening of the voice

31
Q

Mature egg that develops from follicle in ovaries about every 28 days

A

Ovum

Females are born with about 400,000 immature eggs in each ovary, by puberty they have declined to about 80,000 in each ovary. Females release about 400 eggs over the course of the reproductive lives

32
Q

Beginning of development of sperm in boys testicles at puberty

A

Spermarche

Takes place on average at 12 years of age
Males have no sperm in there testes when they are born, and they do not produce any until they reach puberty.
There are about 30 and 500 million sperm in the typical male ejaculation, which means that the average male produces millions of sperm every day

33
Q

External female sex organs, including the labia majora, the labia minora, and the clitoris

A

Vulva

34
Q

Part of vulva; Latin for large lips

A

Labia majora

35
Q

Part of vulva; Latin for small lips

A

Labia minora

36
Q

Part of vulva in which female sexual sensations are concentrated

A

Clitoris

37
Q

The first slight enlargement of the breast in girls at puberty

A

Breast buds

38
Q

Area surrounding the nipple on the breast; enlarges at puberty

A

Areola

39
Q

A change in the characteristics of a population over time

A

Secular trend

40
Q

What are two factors that cause menarche to occur earlier in developed countries?

A

Enhanced nutrition and medical advances

41
Q

Term meaning that genes establish a range of possible development and environment determines where development takes place within that range

A

Reaction range

42
Q

The prohibition on sexual relations between family members. Believed to be biologically-based, as children born to closely related parents are at higher risk for genetic disorders

A

Incest taboo

43
Q

The combination of behavioral, emotional, and physical symptoms that occur in some females the week before menstruation

A

Premenstrual syndrome PMS

44
Q

A males first ejaculation

A

Semenarche

45
Q

Organized by age, for example in schools

A

Age-graded

46
Q

Discuss the impact of age-graded schooling in terms of the development of early maturing and late maturing adolescents

A

Children are grouped on the basis of age rather than developmental maturity. Therefore, children of the same age may be differ greatly pubertal development

Grouping children who are vary in their pubertal development adds to the intensity of comparisons between them and make them highly aware of whether there early, late, or on time, compared with others

47
Q

Debate over the relative importance of biology and the environment in human development

A

Nature-nurture debate

48
Q

The theory that both genetics and environment make essential contributions to human development but are difficult to unravel because our genes actually influence the kind of environment we experience

A

Theory of genotype-environment effects

49
Q

Situation in biological families that parents provide both genes and environment for their children, making genes and environment difficult to separate in their effects on children’s development

A

Passive genotype-environment effects

Example: my musician father buys me a guitar for my birthday, sings to me often, and encourages me to take guitar and singing lessons

50
Q

Occur when a person’s inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment

A

Evocative genotype-environment effects

Example: my parents took me to plays and put me in plays because they saw that I enjoyed acting and singing and attention from others

51
Q

Occur when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics

A

Active genotype-environment effects

Example: I took a drama as an option in high school because I liked acting and being in plays

Adolescent Psychology (2 decks)

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